Hanley Brian, Gravestock Helen J, Hopkinson Mike, Paradisis Giorgos P, Merlino Stéphane, Bissas Athanassios
Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.
School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Front Sports Act Living. 2022 Apr 6;4:835659. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2022.835659. eCollection 2022.
The pole vault is a highly technical event where the athletes must successfully convert horizontal velocity during the run-up to vertical velocity at take-off. The aim of this study was to compare the kinematics of men's and women's world-class pole vaulting. Video data were collected of the best clearances by 14 men and 11 women at the 2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships using three high-speed cameras (200 Hz). Running velocity, step lengths, step times, and pole angles were measured during the run-up; during take-off, distance from the plant box, angle and velocity of take-off, and relative positions of the foot and hands were measured. Men achieved greater clearance heights with faster run-ups, faster take-off velocities and higher hand grip positions (all < 0.001), with each of the last three steps longer for men when expressed as absolute values (all < 0.001), but not when expressed relative to stature. There were no differences in run-up pole angles, step times, take-off angle, take-off contact time or time from pole plant to take-off. Women differed in their approach and take-off for characteristics affected by stature and strength, such as fewer run-up steps, shorter take-off distances, and lower grip heights. These lower grips result from a shorter, lighter pole, and this disadvantage was greater than slower run-up velocities. Coaches should therefore note that sex-based differences occur in the pole vault that result from anthropometric differences, but which do not negate the adoption of similar technical models of vaulting.
撑竿跳是一项技术要求很高的项目，运动员必须在助跑过程中成功地将水平速度转化为起跳时的垂直速度。本研究的目的是比较男子和女子世界级撑竿跳的运动学特征。使用三台高速摄像机（200赫兹）收集了2018年国际田联世界室内锦标赛上14名男子和11名女子的最佳过杆视频数据。在助跑过程中测量了跑步速度、步长、步时和撑竿角度；在起跳过程中，测量了离起跳箱的距离、起跳角度和速度，以及脚和手的相对位置。男子通过更快的助跑速度、更快的起跳速度和更高的握竿位置获得了更高的过杆高度（均P<0.001），当以绝对值表示时，男子最后三步的步长更长（均P<0.001），但相对于身高而言则没有差异。在助跑撑竿角度、步时、起跳角度、起跳接触时间或从插竿到起跳的时间方面没有差异。女子在助跑和起跳方面存在差异，这些差异受身高和力量的影响，比如助跑步数更少、起跳距离更短、握竿高度更低。这些较低的握竿高度是由更短、更轻的撑竿导致的，而且这种劣势比较慢的助跑速度带来的影响更大。因此，教练应该注意到，撑竿跳中存在基于性别的差异，这些差异是由人体测量学差异导致的，但这并不妨碍采用相似的跳高技术模型。
