Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of (C. B. Clarke) Höeck: a review.

(C. B. Clarke) Höeck is a member of the Dipsacaceae family and has been used in traditional Tibetan medicine for thousands of years. clears heat, detoxifies, stops dysentery, eliminates distemper, dispels wind, and relieves stagnation and is mainly prescribed for heat syndrome, dysentery, arthritis, and plague. Approximately 93 chemical compounds have been isolated and identified from , including iridoid glycosides, lignan and triterpenoids. Meanwhile, modern pharmacological studies have shown that has anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatoid arthritis, analgesic, anticancer, and neuroprotection activities. However, studies on the pharmacokinetics and mechanism of action, discovery of quality markers, and qualitative and quantitative analysis are still insufficient. Hence, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the ethnic medicine, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of to increase the understanding of the medicinal value of