Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany.
Robert-Koch-Institut, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany.
Euro Surveill. 2022 Apr;27(17). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.17.2100167.
BackgroundUnavailability of vaccines endangers the overall goal to protect individuals and whole populations against infections.MethodsThe German notification system includes the publication of vaccine supply shortages reported by marketing authorisation holders (MAH), information on the availability of alternative vaccine products, guidance for physicians providing vaccinations and an unavailability reporting tool to monitor regional distribution issues.AimThis study provides a retrospective analysis of supply issues and measures in the context of European and global vaccine supply constraints.Resultsbetween October 2015 and December 2020, the 250 notifications concerned all types of vaccines (54 products). Most shortages were caused by increased demand associated with immigration in Germany in 2015 and 2016, new or extended vaccine recommendations, increased awareness, or changes in global immunisation programmes. Shortages of a duration up to 30 days were mitigated using existing storage capacities. Longer shortages, triggered by high demand on a national level, were mitigated using alternative products and re-allocation; in a few cases, vaccines were imported. However, for long lasting supply shortages associated with increased global demand, often occurring in combination with manufacturing issues, few compensatory mechanisms were available. Nevertheless, only few critical incidents were identified: (i) shortage of hexavalent vaccines endangering neonatal immunisation programmes in 2015;(ii) distribution issues with influenza vaccines in 2018; and (iii) unmet demand for pneumococcal and influenza vaccines during the coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic.ConclusionVaccine product shortages in Germany resemble those present in neighbouring EU states and often reflect increased global demand not matched by manufacturing capacities.
背景
疫苗供应不足危及到保护个人和整个人群免受感染的总体目标。
方法
德国的通报系统包括报告疫苗供应短缺的上市许可持有人（MAH）的发布、替代疫苗产品的供应情况信息、为接种疫苗的医生提供的指导以及监测区域分配问题的供应不足报告工具。
目的
本研究对欧洲和全球疫苗供应限制背景下的供应问题和措施进行了回顾性分析。
结果
2015 年 10 月至 2020 年 12 月，250 次通报涉及所有类型的疫苗（54 种产品）。大多数短缺是由于德国 2015 年和 2016 年移民增加、新的或扩大的疫苗建议、提高认识或全球免疫规划变化引起的需求增加所致。利用现有储存能力缓解了持续时间长达 30 天的短缺。由于国家一级的高需求而引发的较长时间的短缺，通过使用替代产品和重新分配来缓解；在少数情况下，疫苗是进口的。然而，对于与全球需求增加相关的长期供应短缺，通常与制造问题相结合，很少有补偿机制可用。尽管如此，只有少数关键事件被确定：（i）2015 年六价疫苗短缺危及新生儿免疫规划；（ii）2018 年流感疫苗分配问题；以及（iii）在冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行期间，肺炎球菌和流感疫苗需求未得到满足。
结论
德国的疫苗产品短缺与邻国欧盟国家的短缺相似，往往反映出全球需求增加，但制造能力不足。
