Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Campus Ciudad de México, C. Puente 222, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
Department of Chemical-Biological Sciences of the School of Sciences at the University of the Americas Puebla, Puebla, Mexico.
Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Apr 25;2022:5766199. doi: 10.1155/2022/5766199. eCollection 2022.
Pesticides have been used in agricultural activity for decades because they represent the first defense against pathogens, harmful insects, and parasitic weeds. Conventional pesticides are commonly employed at high dosages to prevent their loss and degradation, guaranteeing effectiveness; however, this results in a large waste of resources and significant environmental pollution. In this regard, the search for biocompatible, biodegradable, and responsive materials has received greater attention in the last years to achieve the obtention of an efficient and green pesticide formulation. Nanotechnology is a useful tool to design and develop "nanopesticides" that limit pest degradation and ensure a controlled release using a lower concentration than the conventional methods. Besides different types of nanoparticles, polymeric nanocarriers represent the most promising group of nanomaterials to improve the agrochemicals' sustainability due to polymers' intrinsic properties. Polymeric nanoparticles are biocompatible, biodegradable, and suitable for chemical surface modification, making them attractive for pesticide delivery. This review summarizes the current use of synthetic and natural polymer-based nanopesticides, discussing their characteristics and their most common design shapes. Furthermore, we approached the instability phenomena in polymer-based nanopesticides and strategies to avoid it. Finally, we discussed the environmental risks and future challenges of polymeric nanopesticides to present a comprehensive analysis of this type of nanosystem.
几十年来，农药一直被应用于农业活动中，因为它们是抵御病原体、有害昆虫和寄生杂草的第一道防线。常规农药通常以高剂量使用，以防止其损失和降解，确保其有效性；然而，这导致了大量资源的浪费和严重的环境污染。在这方面，近年来人们越来越关注寻找具有生物相容性、可生物降解和响应性的材料，以实现高效、绿色的农药制剂的获得。纳米技术是设计和开发“纳米农药”的有用工具，它可以限制害虫的降解，并确保使用比传统方法更低的浓度进行控制释放。除了不同类型的纳米粒子外，聚合物纳米载体是最有前途的一类纳米材料，可以提高农药的可持续性，因为聚合物具有内在的特性。聚合物纳米粒子具有生物相容性、可生物降解性，并且适合于化学表面修饰，因此它们在农药输送方面很有吸引力。本文综述了基于合成和天然聚合物的纳米农药的最新应用，讨论了它们的特性和最常见的设计形状。此外，我们还探讨了基于聚合物的纳米农药的不稳定性现象及其避免策略。最后，我们讨论了聚合物纳米农药的环境风险和未来挑战，对这种纳米系统进行了全面的分析。
