RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
Environ Res. 2022 Oct;213:113675. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113675. Epub 2022 Jun 11.
Humans are widely exposed to phthalates and their novel substitutes, and considering the negative health effects associated with some phthalates, it is crucial to understand population levels and exposure determinants. This study is focused on 300 urine samples from teenagers (aged 12-17) and 300 from young adults (aged 18-37) living in Czechia collected in 2019 and 2020 to assess 17 plasticizer metabolites as biomarkers of exposure. We identified widespread phthalate exposure in the study population. The diethyl phthalate metabolite monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and three di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites were detected in the urine of >99% of study participants. The highest median concentrations were found for metabolites of low-molecular-weight (LMW) phthalates: mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP) and MEP (60.7; 52.6 and 17.6 μg/L in young adults). 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) metabolites were present in 68.2% of the samples with a median of 1.24 μg/L for both cohorts. Concentrations of MnBP and MiBP were similar to other European populations, but 5-6 times higher than in populations in North America. We also observed large variability in phthalate exposures within the study population, with 2-3 orders of magnitude differences in urinary metabolites between high and low exposed individuals. The concentrations varied with season, gender, age, and lifestyle factors. A relationship was found between high levels of MEP and high overall use of personal care products (PCPs). Cluster analysis suggested that phthalate exposures depend on season and multiple lifestyle factors, like time spent indoors and use of PCPs, which combine to lead to the observed widespread presence of phthalate metabolites in both study populations. Participants who spent more time indoors, particularly noticeably during colder months, had higher levels of high-molecular weight phthalate metabolites, whereas participants with higher PCP use, particularly women, tended to have higher concentration of LMW phthalate metabolites.
人体广泛接触邻苯二甲酸酯及其新型替代品，考虑到某些邻苯二甲酸酯与负面健康影响有关，了解人群水平和暴露决定因素至关重要。本研究聚焦于 2019 年至 2020 年采集的来自捷克的 300 名青少年（12-17 岁）和 300 名年轻成年人（18-37 岁）的尿液样本，以评估 17 种增塑剂代谢物作为暴露生物标志物。我们发现研究人群中存在广泛的邻苯二甲酸酯暴露。在研究参与者的尿液中检测到邻苯二甲酸二乙酯代谢物单乙基邻苯二甲酸酯（MEP）和三种邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯代谢物，超过 99%的参与者都有检出。最低分子量（LMW）邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的中位数浓度最高：邻苯二甲酸单正丁酯（MnBP）、邻苯二甲酸单异丁酯（MiBP）和 MEP（年轻成年人中的浓度分别为 60.7；52.6 和 17.6μg/L）。1,2-环己烷二羧酸二异壬酯（DINCH）代谢物存在于 68.2%的样本中，两个队列的中位数均为 1.24μg/L。MnBP 和 MiBP 的浓度与其他欧洲人群相似，但比北美人群高 5-6 倍。我们还观察到研究人群内邻苯二甲酸酯暴露存在很大差异，高暴露个体和低暴露个体的尿液代谢物之间存在 2-3 个数量级的差异。浓度随季节、性别、年龄和生活方式因素而变化。MEP 水平高与个人护理产品（PCP）的总体高使用量之间存在关联。聚类分析表明，邻苯二甲酸酯暴露取决于季节和多种生活方式因素，如在室内度过的时间和 PCP 的使用，这些因素共同导致两个研究人群中均广泛存在邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物。在室内度过更多时间的参与者，尤其是在较冷的月份，体内高分子量邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的水平更高，而 PCP 使用量较高的参与者，尤其是女性，体内低分子量邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的浓度往往更高。
