Hermann Markus, Jansen Richard, van de Glind Johan, Peeters Edwin T H M, Van den Brink Paul J
Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, the Netherlands.
Tupola, Wageningen University & Research, Bornsesteeg 52, 6708 PE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
HardwareX. 2022 Apr 21;11:e00307. doi: 10.1016/j.ohx.2022.e00307. eCollection 2022 Apr.
Future global climate change with higher mean temperatures and increased intensity and frequency of heatwaves as extreme weather events will affect aquatic ecosystems with, yet, unpredictable severity and consequences. Although models suggest increased risk of species extinction up to the year 2050 for series of different climate change scenarios, environmental complexity may result in unconsidered effects of future temperature alterations on ecosystems. Apart from these environmental changes, additional anthropogenic stressors, e.g. chemical release, may cause unprecedented interaction effects on ecosystems. Ongoing efforts to better understand such temperature-chemical interaction effects comprise almost exclusively experimental designs using constant temperature regimes instead of environmentally realistic daily temperature variations. In this paper we describe an Arduino-based temperature and heatwave control device (TENTACLE) that is transportable, inexpensive, multifunctional, and easily reproducible. TENTACLE offers water temperature monitoring and manipulation of up to 3 different climate change-related scenarios: i) natural (ambient) sinusoidal fluctuations (laboratory applications), ii) elevated fluctuations, and iii) heatwaves as extreme events. The use of replaceable heating elements and low-cost materials suitable for field studies creates a high flexibility for researchers who may conduct in- or out-door, small- or large-scale, fresh- or salt-water experiments at different geographical locations.
未来全球气候变化，平均气温升高，热浪作为极端天气事件的强度和频率增加，将影响水生生态系统，但其严重程度和后果尚不可预测。尽管模型表明，到2050年，在一系列不同气候变化情景下物种灭绝风险增加，但环境复杂性可能导致未来温度变化对生态系统产生未被考虑的影响。除了这些环境变化外，额外的人为压力源，如化学物质释放，可能对生态系统造成前所未有的相互作用影响。目前为更好地理解这种温度 - 化学相互作用影响所做的努力几乎完全是使用恒温 regime 而非符合环境实际的每日温度变化的实验设计。在本文中，我们描述了一种基于 Arduino 的温度和热浪控制装置（TENTACLE），它便于携带、价格低廉、功能多样且易于复制。TENTACLE 可提供水温监测，并能模拟多达3种与气候变化相关的情景：i）自然（环境）正弦波动（实验室应用），ii）升高的波动，以及 iii）作为极端事件的热浪。使用可替换加热元件和适用于野外研究的低成本材料，为研究人员在不同地理位置进行室内或室外、小规模或大规模、淡水或咸水实验创造了高度的灵活性。
