Department of Population Health, Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piastów Śląskich We Wrocławiu, ul. Bujwida 44, 50-345, Wrocław, Poland.
Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland.
J Health Popul Nutr. 2022 May 7;41(1):17. doi: 10.1186/s41043-022-00296-9.
Balanced nutrition is crucial for adolescent's proper physical and mental development. Dietary habits change significantly with a child's development. Along with increasing age and the shift towards adolescence, unhealthy diet-related habits become more common. The objective of the survey study was to determine the differences in nutritional habits between children and adolescents according to their age and body mass index (BMI).
"Let's get the kids moving" campaign (pol. "Uruchamiamy dzieciaki") was launched in 2016. Within the campaign, the survey study was conducted in 2913 participants between 6 and 17 years old from primary and junior high schools in Wroclaw (Poland). The survey was anonymous, and its supplement was voluntary. Participants were divided into age groups. The study group of 2913 consisted of 29.8% of 6-9-year-olds, 32.7% of 10-12-year-olds, and 37.5% of 13-17-year-olds. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and further interpreted as a BMI z-scores depending on children's age and gender.
A total of 19.3% of participants consumed 3 meals a day or less. Children from the oldest age group (13-17) consumed statistically significantly fewer meals per day than younger children (p < 0.001). Children from the oldest age group (13-17) consumed breakfast statistically less often than children of age group 10-12 years (75.0% vs. 83.6%; p < 0.001) and children of age group 6-9 years (75.0% vs. 84.0%; p < 0.001). Severely thin children consumed breakfast significantly more often than overweight (85.8% vs. 76.3%; p = 0.004) and children with obesity (85.8% vs. 75.9%; p = 0.021). Children with obesity consumed vegetables significantly less often than severely thin (p < 0.008), thin (p < 0.001), and children with normal body weight (p < 0.007). The oldest children (13-17 years) consumed Coca-Cola and SSB (p < 0.001) and fruit-flavored beverages (p < 0.05) significantly more often than children from other age groups. Boys consumed carbonated beverages with added sugar significantly more often than girls (p < 0.01).
Unhealthy diet-related behaviors in children and adolescents may promote overweight and obesity and should be targeted in health promotion programs. Special attention should be paid to 13-17-year-olds, as adolescents from this group made more unhealthy choices than younger children.
均衡的营养对青少年的身心健康发展至关重要。随着孩子的成长，饮食习惯会发生显著变化。随着年龄的增长和向青春期的转变，与饮食相关的不健康习惯变得更加普遍。本调查研究的目的是根据年龄和体重指数（BMI）确定儿童和青少年营养习惯的差异。
“让孩子们动起来”运动（波兰语：Uruchamiamy dzieciaki）于 2016 年发起。在该运动中，对来自弗罗茨瓦夫（波兰）小学和初中的 2913 名 6 至 17 岁的参与者进行了调查研究。该调查是匿名的，补充内容是自愿的。参与者被分为年龄组。2913 名研究组由 6-9 岁的儿童组成，占 29.8%，10-12 岁的儿童占 32.7%，13-17 岁的儿童占 37.5%。计算体重指数（BMI），并根据儿童的年龄和性别进一步解释为 BMI z 分数。
共有 19.3%的参与者每天食用 3 餐或更少。年龄最大的组（13-17 岁）每天食用的餐数明显少于年龄较小的儿童（p<0.001）。年龄最大的组（13-17 岁）吃早餐的频率明显低于 10-12 岁的儿童（75.0%比 83.6%；p<0.001）和 6-9 岁的儿童（75.0%比 84.0%；p<0.001）。严重消瘦的儿童吃早餐的频率明显高于超重（85.8%比 76.3%；p=0.004）和肥胖儿童（85.8%比 75.9%；p=0.021）。肥胖儿童吃蔬菜的频率明显低于严重消瘦（p<0.008）、消瘦（p<0.001）和体重正常的儿童（p<0.007）。最大的儿童（13-17 岁）比其他年龄组的儿童更常饮用可口可乐和 SSB（p<0.001）和水果味饮料（p<0.05）。男孩比女孩更常饮用含糖碳酸饮料（p<0.01）。
儿童和青少年与饮食相关的不健康行为可能会促进超重和肥胖，并应成为健康促进计划的目标。应特别关注 13-17 岁的青少年，因为该年龄段的青少年比年幼的儿童做出了更多的不健康选择。
