年龄、社会经济地位和体重状况作为德国青少年饮食模式的决定因素：LIFE儿童研究的结果

Age, socioeconomic status, and weight status as determinants of dietary patterns among German youth: findings from the LIFE child study.

作者信息

Hähnel Emmelie, Sobek Carolin, Ober Peggy, Kiess Wieland, Vogel Mandy

机构信息

LIFE Child, Medical Faculty, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.

Center for Pediatric Research (CPL), Medical Faculty, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.

出版信息

Front Nutr. 2025 Apr 30;12:1578176. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1578176. eCollection 2025.

DOI:10.3389/fnut.2025.1578176

PMID:40370798

原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12075125/

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Malnutrition and its consequences, such as obesity, are growing problems, especially in disadvantaged subpopulations. In order to pinpoint possible contributors to children's nutritional habits, we examined potential determinants as age, sex, socioeconomic status, and weight status of different dietary patterns (dp) in a large German research project.

METHODS

The data was collected within a population-based longitudinal cohort study. We used the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to assess food intake in 484 children and adolescents aged 5-18 years across 1,068 visits. Cluster analysis was used to identify food groups. Study participants who consumed food groups with a similar frequency were grouped together as dietary patterns. We applied logistic and linear regression to test for whether group membership in different food groups and dietary patterns was associated with age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), or body mass index (BMI).

RESULTS

Overall, food consumption frequency decreased with age, including healthy foods like fruits ( = -0.39,  < 0.001) and vegetables ( = -0.17,  = 0.020). Boys consumed more meat and carbohydrates, milk/egg products, and junk food than girls did, but dietary patterns showed no significant sex differences. There was a trend toward a healthier diet with increasing SES (OR = 1.33,  < 0.001). Children with overweight or obesity were less likely to follow an infrequent diet (OR = 0.56,  = 0.075; OR = 0.41,  < 0.001) and were not significantly underrepresented in the healthiest pattern but were more likely to follow a neutral diet (OR = 4.14,  = 0.042; OR = 1.47,  = 0.504).

CONCLUSION

Our study identified age and SES as key factors in children's and adolescents' nutrition, highlighting their importance for improvement measures. The findings on weight and diet suggest both the complexity of obesity aetiology and potential reporting bias in certain weight groups.

摘要

背景

营养不良及其后果，如肥胖，正成为日益严重的问题，尤其是在弱势群体中。为了找出影响儿童营养习惯的可能因素，我们在一项大型德国研究项目中研究了年龄、性别、社会经济地位以及不同饮食模式（dp）的体重状况等潜在决定因素。

方法

数据收集于一项基于人群的纵向队列研究。我们使用食物频率问卷（FFQ）对484名5至18岁儿童和青少年在1068次访视中的食物摄入量进行评估。聚类分析用于识别食物组。将食用频率相似的食物组的研究参与者归为同一饮食模式。我们应用逻辑回归和线性回归来检验不同食物组和饮食模式的分组是否与年龄、性别、社会经济地位（SES）或体重指数（BMI）相关。

结果

总体而言，食物消费频率随年龄增长而下降，包括水果（β = -0.39，P < 0.001）和蔬菜（β = -0.17，P = 0.020）等健康食品。男孩比女孩摄入更多的肉类、碳水化合物、牛奶/蛋类产品和垃圾食品，但饮食模式没有显著的性别差异。随着社会经济地位的提高，有饮食更健康的趋势（OR = 1.33，P < 0.001）。超重或肥胖的儿童不太可能遵循不频繁饮食模式（OR = 0.56，P = 0.075；OR = 0.41，P < 0.001），在最健康的模式中所占比例没有显著偏低，但更有可能遵循中性饮食模式（OR = 4.14，P = 0.042；OR = 1.47，P = 0.504）。