Microglia-Mediated Inflammation and Neural Stem Cell Differentiation in Alzheimer's Disease: Possible Therapeutic Role of K1.3 Channel Blockade.

Increase of deposits of amyloid β peptides in the extracellular matrix is landmark during Alzheimer's Disease (AD) due to the imbalance in the production vs. clearance. This accumulation of amyloid β deposits triggers microglial activation. Microglia plays a dual role in AD, a protective role by clearing the deposits of amyloid β peptides increasing the phagocytic response ( or ) and a cytotoxic role, releasing free radicals (ROS or NO) and proinflammatory cytokines (α, β) in response to reactive gliosis activated by the amyloid β aggregates. Microglia activation correlated with an increase K1.3 channels expression, protein levels and current density. Several studies highlight the importance of K1.3 in the activation of inflammatory response and inhibition of neural progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation. However, little is known about the pathways of this activation in neural stem cells differentiation and proliferation and the role in amyloid β accumulation. In recent studies using cells derived from mice models, it has been demonstrated that K1.3 blockers inhibit microglia-mediated neurotoxicity in culture reducing the expression and production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines β and α through the NF-kB and p38MAPK pathway. Overall, we conclude that K1.3 blockers change the course of AD development, reducing microglial cytotoxic activation and increasing neural stem cell differentiation. However, further investigations are needed to establish the specific pathway and to validate the use of this blocker as therapeutic treatment in Alzheimer patients.