School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
Department of Physical Education, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
PeerJ. 2022 May 5;10:e13282. doi: 10.7717/peerj.13282. eCollection 2022.
Older and more mature football players have been reported to gain advantages in the selection process during adolescence. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of skeletal age (SA) on the physical characteristics of elite male football players aged 13-15 years through a cross-sectional study.
We enrolled 167 elite players aged 13-15 from three academic football schools in China, and measured height, body mass, thigh circumference, skinfold (triceps and calf), 10 m/30-m sprint, -tests (left and right), 5 × 25-m repeated-sprint ability (5 × 25 RSA), standing long jump, and YoYo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YYIR1). Subjects were divided into early-, average-, and late-maturity levels according to their SA and chronological age (CA) based on the following criteria: SA-CA > +1 year, SA-CA = ±1 year, and SA-CA < -1 year, respectively. The differences in parameters among the groups were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's test, with statistical significance set at < 0.05.
Relative to the late-maturing players, the early- and average-maturing players aged 13-15 years were taller, heavier, had a larger thigh circumference, and scored higher on the standing long jump, 30 m sprint, and 5 × 25-RSA ( < 0.05). The physical (except for body-fat percentage) and athletic characteristics of players aged 13-15 were not only significantly influenced by biological maturity, but also increased significantly with CA. The influence of biological maturity on height, 30-m sprints, and 5 × 25-m RSA diminished with age and exerted no significant effect on body-fat percentage and on YYIR1. Late-maturing players exhibited the greatest increase in physical (except for body-fat percentage) and athletic performance (except for the 10-m sprint) compared to players of early and/or average maturity.
Although early-maturing players aged 13-15 possessed better anthropometric and physical performance than late- and average-maturing players, the growth and development of physical function of late- and average-maturing players was significantly greater, particularly with respect to height, sprint speed, and muscular power.
据报道，年龄较大且更为成熟的足球运动员在青少年选拔过程中具有优势。本研究旨在通过横断面研究调查骨骼年龄（SA）对 13-15 岁精英男性足球运动员身体特征的影响。
我们从中国三所学术足球学校招募了 167 名 13-15 岁的精英球员，测量了身高、体重、大腿围、皮褶（三头肌和小腿）、10 米/30 米冲刺、-测试（左、右）、5×25 米重复冲刺能力（5×25 RSA）、立定跳远和 YoYo 间歇恢复测试 1 级（YYIR1）。根据以下标准，根据 SA 和实际年龄（CA）将受试者分为早期、平均和晚期成熟水平：SA-CA> +1 年，SA-CA=±1 年，SA-CA<-1 年。使用单向方差分析和 Bonferroni's t 检验分析组间参数差异，统计学意义设定为 <0.05。
与晚熟运动员相比，13-15 岁的早熟和平均成熟运动员更高、更重、大腿围更大，并且在立定跳远、30 米冲刺和 5×25-RSA 方面得分更高（<0.05）。13-15 岁球员的身体（除体脂百分比外）和运动特征不仅受到生物成熟度的显著影响，而且随着 CA 显著增加。生物成熟度对身高、30 米冲刺和 5×25 米 RSA 的影响随着年龄的增长而减弱，对体脂百分比和 YYIR1 没有显著影响。与早成熟和/或平均成熟的运动员相比，晚成熟的运动员在身体（除体脂百分比外）和运动表现（除 10 米冲刺外）方面的提高最大。
尽管 13-15 岁的早熟运动员在身体和身体素质方面优于晚熟和平均成熟运动员，但晚熟和平均成熟运动员的身体功能增长和发育明显更大，尤其是在身高、冲刺速度和肌肉力量方面。
