迈向消灭脊灰的进展 - 全球，2020 年 1 月至 2022 年 4 月。
Progress Toward Polio Eradication - Worldwide, January 2020-April 2022.
出版信息
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 May 13;71(19):650-655. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7119a2.
In 1988, the World Health Assembly established the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI). Since then, wild poliovirus (WPV) cases have decreased approximately 99.99%, and WPV types 2 and 3 have been declared eradicated. Only Afghanistan and Pakistan have never interrupted WPV type 1 (WPV1) transmission. This report describes global progress toward polio eradication during January 1, 2020-April 30, 2022, and updates previous reports (1,2). This activity was reviewed by CDC and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.* Five WPV1 cases were reported from Afghanistan and Pakistan in 2021, compared with 140 in 2020. In 2022 (as of May 5), three WPV1 cases had been reported: one from Afghanistan and two from Pakistan. WPV1 genetically linked to virus circulating in Pakistan was identified in Malawi in a child with paralysis onset in November 2021. Circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs), with neurovirulence and transmissibility similar to that of WPV, emerge in populations with low immunity following prolonged circulation of Sabin strain oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) (3). During January 2020-April 30, 2022, a total of 1,856 paralytic cVDPV cases were reported globally: 1,113 in 2020 and 688 in 2021, including cases in Afghanistan and Pakistan. In 2022 (as of May 5), 55 cVDPV cases had been reported. Intensified programmatic actions leading to more effective outbreak responses are needed to stop cVDPV transmission. The 2022-2026 GPEI Strategic Plan objective of ending WPV1 transmission by the end of 2023 is attainable (4). However, the risk for children being paralyzed by polio remains until all polioviruses, including WPV and cVDPV, are eradicated.
1988 年，世界卫生大会设立了全球根除脊髓灰质炎倡议（GPEI）。自那时以来，野生脊髓灰质炎病毒（WPV）病例减少了约 99.99%，WPV 型 2 和 3 已被宣布根除。只有阿富汗和巴基斯坦从未中断 WPV 型 1（WPV1）传播。本报告描述了 2020 年 1 月 1 日至 2022 年 4 月 30 日期间全球在消灭脊髓灰质炎方面取得的进展，并更新了以前的报告（1、2）。本活动由美国疾病控制与预防中心审查，并按照适用的联邦法律和 CDC 政策进行（*）。2021 年，阿富汗和巴基斯坦报告了 5 例 WPV1 病例，而 2020 年为 140 例。2022 年（截至 5 月 5 日），报告了 3 例 WPV1 病例：1 例来自阿富汗，2 例来自巴基斯坦。2021 年 11 月，马拉维一名瘫痪儿童的病毒与在巴基斯坦流行的病毒具有遗传联系。在长时间循环使用萨宾株口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗（OPV）后，人群免疫力下降，会出现具有与 WPV 相似神经毒性和传播能力的循环疫苗衍生脊髓灰质炎病毒（cVDPV）（3）。2020 年 1 月至 2022 年 4 月 30 日，全球共报告了 1856 例麻痹性 cVDPV 病例：2020 年 1113 例，2021 年 688 例，包括阿富汗和巴基斯坦的病例。2022 年（截至 5 月 5 日），报告了 55 例 cVDPV 病例。需要采取更有效的强化方案行动，以阻止 cVDPV 传播。到 2023 年底结束 WPV1 传播的 2022-2026 年 GPEI 战略计划目标是可以实现的（4）。然而，在所有脊髓灰质炎病毒（包括 WPV 和 cVDPV）被根除之前，儿童患脊髓灰质炎瘫痪的风险仍然存在。
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