Ahmad Touqeer, Iqbal Ayesha, Halim Sobia Ahsan, Uddin Jalal, Khan Ajmal, El Deeb Sami, Al-Harrasi Ahmed
Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman.
Division of Pharmacy Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2022 Apr 26;12(9):1475. doi: 10.3390/nano12091475.
Cancer is by far the most common cause of death worldwide. There are more than 200 types of cancer known hitherto depending upon the origin and type. Early diagnosis of cancer provides better disease prognosis and the best chance for a cure. This fact prompts world-leading scientists and clinicians to develop techniques for the early detection of cancer. Thus, less morbidity and lower mortality rates are envisioned. The latest advancements in the diagnosis of cancer utilizing nanotechnology have manifested encouraging results. Cancerous cells are well known for their substantial amounts of hydrogen peroxide (HO). The common methods for the detection of HO include colorimetry, titration, chromatography, spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, and chemiluminescence. These methods commonly lack selectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility and have prolonged analytical time. New biosensors are reported to circumvent these obstacles. The production of detectable amounts of HO by cancerous cells has promoted the use of bio- and electrochemical sensors because of their high sensitivity, selectivity, robustness, and miniaturized point-of-care cancer diagnostics. Thus, this review will emphasize the principles, analytical parameters, advantages, and disadvantages of the latest electrochemical biosensors in the detection of HO. It will provide a summary of the latest technological advancements of biosensors based on potentiometric, impedimetric, amperometric, and voltammetric HO detection. Moreover, it will critically describe the classification of biosensors based on the material, nature, conjugation, and carbon-nanocomposite electrodes for rapid and effective detection of HO, which can be useful in the early detection of cancerous cells.
癌症是目前全球最常见的死因。根据起源和类型，迄今已知有200多种癌症。癌症的早期诊断能带来更好的疾病预后和治愈的最佳机会。这一事实促使世界顶尖的科学家和临床医生开发癌症早期检测技术。因此，可以预期发病率和死亡率会降低。利用纳米技术进行癌症诊断的最新进展已显示出令人鼓舞的结果。癌细胞以其大量的过氧化氢（HO）而闻名。检测HO的常用方法包括比色法、滴定法、色谱法、分光光度法、荧光法和化学发光法。这些方法通常缺乏选择性、灵敏度和可重复性，并且分析时间较长。据报道，新型生物传感器可以克服这些障碍。癌细胞产生可检测量的HO，这促进了生物传感器和电化学传感器的应用，因为它们具有高灵敏度、选择性、稳健性以及小型化的即时癌症诊断能力。因此，本综述将重点介绍最新电化学生物传感器在检测HO方面的原理、分析参数、优缺点。它将总结基于电位法、阻抗法、安培法和伏安法检测HO的生物传感器的最新技术进展。此外，它将批判性地描述基于材料、性质、共轭和碳纳米复合电极的生物传感器分类，以便快速有效地检测HO，这可能有助于癌细胞的早期检测。
