Department of Antibiotics and Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chelmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.
Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
Nutrients. 2022 Apr 20;14(9):1700. doi: 10.3390/nu14091700.
The proper functioning of the human organism is dependent on a number of factors. The health condition of the organism can be often enhanced through appropriate supplementation, as well as the application of certain biological agents. Probiotics, i.e., live microorganisms that exert a beneficial effect on the health of the host when administered in adequate amounts, are often used in commonly available dietary supplements or functional foods, such as yoghurts. Specific strains of microorganisms, administered in appropriate amounts, may find application in the treatment of conditions such as various types of diarrhoea (viral, antibiotic-related, caused by ), irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, or allergic disorders. In contrast, live microorganisms capable of exerting influence on the nervous system and mental health through interactions with the gut microbiome are referred to as psychobiotics. Live microbes are often used in combination with prebiotics to form synbiotics, which stimulate growth and/or activate the metabolism of the healthy gut microbiome. Prebiotics may serve as a substrate for the growth of probiotic strains or fermentation processes. Compared to prebiotic substances, probiotic microorganisms are more tolerant of environmental conditions, such as oxygenation, pH, or temperature in a given organism. It is also worth emphasizing that the health of the host may be influenced not only by live microorganisms, but also by their metabolites or cell components, which are referred to as postbiotics and paraprobiotics. This work presents the mechanisms of action employed by probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, paraprobiotics, and psychobiotics, together with the results of studies confirming their effectiveness and impact on consumer health.
人体的正常运作依赖于许多因素。通过适当的补充以及应用某些生物制剂，机体的健康状况通常可以得到改善。益生菌是指当以足够的剂量给予宿主时，对宿主健康产生有益影响的活微生物，通常用于常见的膳食补充剂或功能性食品，如酸奶。特定的微生物菌株，以适当的剂量给予，可能会在治疗各种类型的腹泻（病毒性、抗生素相关、由引起的）、肠易激综合征、溃疡性结肠炎、克罗恩病或过敏等疾病方面得到应用。相比之下，能够通过与肠道微生物组相互作用对神经系统和心理健康产生影响的活微生物被称为心理益生菌。活微生物通常与益生元结合使用以形成合生元，从而刺激健康肠道微生物组的生长和/或激活其代谢。益生元可以作为益生菌菌株生长或发酵过程的基质。与益生元物质相比，益生菌微生物对环境条件（例如给定生物体中的氧化、pH 值或温度）的耐受性更高。还值得强调的是，宿主的健康不仅受活微生物的影响，还受其代谢物或细胞成分的影响，这些物质被称为后生元和前生素。本工作介绍了益生菌、益生元、合生元、后生元和前生素以及心理益生菌的作用机制，以及证实它们有效性和对消费者健康影响的研究结果。
