Wahab Shadma, Muzammil Khursheed, Nasir Nazim, Khan Mohammad Suhail, Ahmad Md Faruque, Khalid Mohammad, Ahmad Wasim, Dawria Adam, Reddy Lingala Kalyan Viswanath, Busayli Abdulrahman Mohammed
Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushait, King Khalid University, Abha 61412, Saudi Arabia.
Plants (Basel). 2022 Apr 19;11(9):1106. doi: 10.3390/plants11091106.
Food safety is a rising challenge worldwide due to the expanding population and the need to produce food to feed the growing population. At the same time, pesticide residues found in high concentrations in fresh agriculture pose a significant threat to food safety. Presently, crop output is being increased by applying herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, pesticides, fertilizers, nematicides, and soil amendments. A combination of factors, including bioaccumulation, widespread usage, selective toxicity, and stability, make pesticides among the most toxic compounds polluting the environment. They are especially harmful in vegetables and fruits because people are exposed to them. Thus, it is critical to monitor pesticide levels in fruits and vegetables using all analytical techniques available. Any evaluation of the condition of pesticide contamination in fruits and vegetables necessitates knowledge of maximum residue levels (MRLs). We set out the problems in determining various types of pesticides in vegetables and fruits, including the complexity and the diversity of matrices in biological materials. This review examines the different analytical techniques to determine the target analytes that must be isolated before final consumption. Many processes involved determining pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables and their advantages and disadvantages have been discussed with recommendations. Furthermore, MRLs of target pesticide residues in fruit and vegetable samples are discussed in the context of data from the literature. The review also examines MRLs' impact on the international trade of fruits and vegetables. Accurate, sensitive, and robust analytical procedures are critical to ensuring that pesticide levels in food products are effectively regulated. Despite advances in detection technology, effective sample preparation procedures for pesticide residue measurement in cereals and feedstuffs are still needed. In addition, these methods must be compatible with current analytical techniques. Multi-residue approaches that cover a wide range of pesticides are desired, even though pesticides' diverse natures, classes, and physio-chemical characteristics make such methods challenging to assemble. This review will be valuable to food analysts and regulatory authorities to monitor the quality and safety of fresh food products.
由于人口不断增长以及为养活不断增加的人口而生产粮食的需求，食品安全已成为全球范围内日益严峻的挑战。与此同时，新鲜农产品中高浓度的农药残留对食品安全构成了重大威胁。目前，通过施用除草剂、杀菌剂、杀虫剂、农药、化肥、杀线虫剂和土壤改良剂来提高作物产量。包括生物累积、广泛使用、选择性毒性和稳定性在内的多种因素，使农药成为污染环境的毒性最强的化合物之一。它们对蔬菜和水果尤其有害，因为人们会接触到这些农产品。因此，利用所有可用的分析技术监测水果和蔬菜中的农药含量至关重要。对水果和蔬菜中农药污染状况的任何评估都需要了解最大残留限量（MRLs）。我们阐述了测定蔬菜和水果中各类农药时存在的问题，包括生物材料中基质的复杂性和多样性。本综述探讨了用于测定最终消费前必须分离的目标分析物的不同分析技术。讨论了许多用于测定水果和蔬菜中农药残留的方法及其优缺点，并给出了建议。此外，结合文献数据讨论了水果和蔬菜样品中目标农药残留的最大残留限量。该综述还研究了最大残留限量对水果和蔬菜国际贸易的影响。准确、灵敏且可靠的分析程序对于确保有效监管食品中的农药含量至关重要。尽管检测技术有所进步，但仍需要有效的样品制备程序来测定谷物和饲料中的农药残留。此外，这些方法必须与当前的分析技术兼容。尽管农药具有不同的性质、类别和物理化学特性，使得涵盖多种农药的多残留方法难以整合，但人们仍期望有这样的方法。本综述对于食品分析人员和监管机构监测新鲜食品的质量和安全将具有重要价值。
