Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd., Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
Center for Biostatistics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Eur J Nutr. 2022 Oct;61(7):3449-3459. doi: 10.1007/s00394-022-02899-8. Epub 2022 May 18.
We investigated the association of coffee and caffeine with breast cancer (BCa) risk, overall and by ER/PR status. We also examined potential interactions of coffee and caffeine with postmenopausal hormone use.
Our study included 77,688 postmenopausal participants from the Women's Health Initiative observational study cohort without a history of any cancer at baseline (except non-melanoma skin) and with valid Food Frequency Questionnaire data and complete data on dietary caffeine. Regular coffee (none, 1, 2-3, 4-5, and ≥ 6 cups/day) and caffeine (tertiles) were assessed at baseline. Information on BCa risk factors was collected at baseline. The associations were examined using survival analysis, accounting for death as a competing risk.
The median follow-up time for our cohort was 18.3 years. During the follow-up, 5005 women developed invasive breast cancer. In multivariable analysis, coffee was not associated with the overall invasive BCa risk. Higher caffeine intake was mildly associated with increased BCa risk (2nd vs. 1st tertile SHR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.03-1.18, 3rd vs. 1st tertile SHR-1.05, 95% CI 0.98-1.13, overall p = 0.03). We found no interaction of coffee/caffeine with postmenopausal hormone use (p interaction = 0.44 and 0.42, respectively). In the exploratory analysis by ER/PR status, we found a positive association of caffeine with ER+ /PR+ BCa (2nd vs. 1st tertile SHR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.07-1.28, 3rd vs. 1st tertile SHR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.03-1.24, overall p = 0.002); no associations were observed for ER-/PR- tumors. Coffee was not associated with the risk of ER+ /PR+ or ER-/PR- tumors.
We found no associations of coffee with BCa risk, overall and for ER/PR-defined tumor subtypes. The higher caffeine consumption was mildly and positively associated with the overall BCa risk and with ER+ /PR+ tumors.
我们研究了咖啡和咖啡因与乳腺癌（BCa）风险的关联，包括总体风险和雌激素受体/孕激素受体（ER/PR）状态。我们还研究了咖啡和咖啡因与绝经后激素使用之间的潜在相互作用。
我们的研究包括来自妇女健康倡议观察性研究队列的 77688 名绝经后参与者，她们在基线时没有任何癌症病史（除了非黑色素瘤皮肤癌），并且有有效的食物频率问卷数据和完整的饮食咖啡因数据。在基线时评估了常规咖啡（无、1、2-3、4-5 和≥6 杯/天）和咖啡因（三分位）的摄入量。收集了 BCa 风险因素的信息。使用生存分析，考虑死亡作为竞争风险，来评估相关性。
我们队列的中位随访时间为 18.3 年。在随访期间，有 5005 名女性发生浸润性乳腺癌。多变量分析显示，咖啡与总体浸润性 BCa 风险无关。较高的咖啡因摄入量与 BCa 风险略有增加相关（第 2 分位与第 1 分位的 SHR=1.10，95%CI 1.03-1.18，第 3 分位与第 1 分位的 SHR=1.05，95%CI 0.98-1.13，总体 p=0.03）。我们没有发现咖啡/咖啡因与绝经后激素使用之间的相互作用（p 交互值分别为 0.44 和 0.42）。在根据 ER/PR 状态进行的探索性分析中，我们发现咖啡因与 ER+/PR+BCa 呈正相关（第 2 分位与第 1 分位的 SHR=1.17，95%CI 1.07-1.28，第 3 分位与第 1 分位的 SHR=1.13，95%CI 1.03-1.24，总体 p=0.002）；ER-/PR-肿瘤没有相关性。咖啡与 ER+/PR+或 ER-/PR-肿瘤的风险无关。
我们没有发现咖啡与 BCa 风险之间的关联，包括总体风险和 ER/PR 定义的肿瘤亚型。较高的咖啡因摄入与总体 BCa 风险以及 ER+/PR+肿瘤呈轻度正相关。
