School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2022 Jul 1;323(1):E2-E7. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00441.2021. Epub 2022 May 30.
Insulin, a principal anabolic hormone produced by pancreatic β-cells, has a primary function of storage of nutrients following excessive energy intake. Pre- or early type 2 diabetes stages present hyperinsulinemia (β-cell dysfunction) and insulin resistance. Initiation of hyperinsulinemia is triggered by a loss of first-phase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion with altered membrane ion channel distribution. More factors, including insulin resistance and excessive proliferation of β-cells, deteriorate the hyperinsulinemia, whereas the hyperinsulinemia contributes to further development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes; to develop eventually late-stage diabetes with absolute insulin deficiency. In this mini-review, the major focus was put on the causes and pathophysiology of hyperinsulinemia, and the metabolic consequences and current treatment of hyperinsulinemia were discussed. The data used in this narrative review were collected mainly from relevant discoveries in the past 3 years.
胰岛素是由胰岛β细胞分泌的主要合成代谢激素，其主要功能是在摄入过多能量后储存营养物质。在 2 型糖尿病的早期或前期阶段，存在高胰岛素血症（β细胞功能障碍）和胰岛素抵抗。高胰岛素血症的发生是由于第一时相葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌丧失，导致膜离子通道分布改变。更多的因素，包括胰岛素抵抗和β细胞过度增殖，使高胰岛素血症恶化，而高胰岛素血症又导致进一步的胰岛素抵抗和 2 型糖尿病的发展；最终导致绝对胰岛素缺乏的晚期糖尿病。在这篇小型综述中，主要关注高胰岛素血症的原因和病理生理学，以及高胰岛素血症的代谢后果和当前治疗方法。本综述中使用的数据主要来自过去 3 年的相关发现。
