The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
Aga Khan University School of Nursing and Midwifery, Karachi, Pakistan.
BMC Public Health. 2022 Jun 1;22(1):1096. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13443-y.
Cigarette smoking is one of the most preventable causes of morbidities and mortalities. Since 2005, the World Health Organization Framework Convention for Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC) provides an efficient strategic plan for tobacco control across the world. Many countries in the world have successfully reduced the prevalence of cigarette smoking. However, in developing countries, the prevalence of cigarette smoking is mounting which signifies a need of prompt attention. This scoping review aims to explore the extent and nature of Smoking Cessation (SmC) interventions and associated factors in South Asian Region (SAR) by systematically reviewing available recently published and unpublished literature.
The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) framework frames the conduct of this scoping review. PubMed, EBSCO CINAHL Complete, Cochrane Library, ProQuest Dissertation and Theses, and local websites as well as other sources of grey literature were searched for relevant literature. In total, 573 literature sources were screened. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram, finally, 48 data sources were included for data extraction and analysis. We analyzed the extracted SmC interventions through the FCTC. Factors that affect smoking cessation interventions will be extracted through manual content analysis.
Regarding FCTC recommended smoking cessation strategies (articles), most of the articles were either neglected or addressed in a discordant way by various anti-smoking groups in SAR. Key barriers that hamper the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions included lack of awareness, poor implementation of anti-smoking laws, and socio-cultural acceptance of tobacco use. Conversely, increased levels of awareness, through different mediums, related to smoking harms and benefits of quitting, effective implementation of anti-smoking laws, smoking cessation trained healthcare professionals, support systems, and reluctance in the community to cigarette smoking were identified as facilitators to smoking cessation interventions.
The ignored or uncoordinated FCTC's directions on smoking cessation strategies have resulted in continued increasing prevalence of cigarette smoking in developing countries, especially SAR. The findings of this review highlight the need for refocusing the smoking cessation strategies in SAR.
The review was conducted by a team of expert comprising information specialists, and senior professors bringing rich experience in systematic and scoping reviews. Every effort was made to include all available literature sources addressing cigarette SmC and associated factors in SAR. The review findings signal the need and direction for more SmC efforts in SAR which may contribute to development of effective policies and guidelines for the control of smoking prevalence.
Despite efforts, potentially relevant records may have been missed due to unpublished or inaccessible articles, unintended selection bias, or those published in local languages, etc. Moreover, the exclusion of literature on under 18 participants and mentally ill smokers may limit the generalizability of findings.
吸烟是导致发病和死亡的最可预防的原因之一。自 2005 年以来，世界卫生组织烟草控制框架公约（WHO-FCTC）为全球的烟草控制提供了一个有效的战略计划。世界上许多国家已经成功地降低了吸烟的流行率。然而，在发展中国家，吸烟的流行率正在上升，这需要引起人们的关注。本范围审查旨在通过系统审查最近发表和未发表的文献，探讨南亚地区（SAR）戒烟（SmC）干预措施的范围和性质，以及相关因素。
乔安娜·布里格斯研究所（JBI）框架指导了本次范围审查的进行。使用 PubMed、EBSCO CINAHL Complete、Cochrane Library、ProQuest 论文和论文、以及当地网站和其他灰色文献来源搜索相关文献。总共筛选了 573 篇文献。根据系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目（PRISMA）流程图，最终有 48 个数据源被纳入数据提取和分析。我们通过 FCTC 分析了提取的 SmC 干预措施。通过手动内容分析提取影响戒烟干预的因素。
就 FCTC 推荐的戒烟策略（文章）而言，SAR 中各种反吸烟团体要么忽视，要么以不协调的方式处理这些策略。阻碍戒烟干预有效性的主要障碍包括缺乏意识、反吸烟法执行不力、以及对烟草使用的社会文化接受。相反，通过不同的媒介提高对吸烟危害和戒烟益处的认识、有效执行反吸烟法、培训有戒烟专业知识的医疗保健专业人员、支持系统、以及社区对吸烟的抵制，被认为是戒烟干预的促进因素。
在发展中国家，特别是南亚地区，对 FCTC 戒烟策略的忽视或不协调导致了吸烟流行率的持续上升。本审查的结果强调了需要重新关注 SAR 的戒烟策略。
审查由一个由信息专家和资深教授组成的专家组进行，他们在系统和范围审查方面拥有丰富的经验。尽一切努力纳入了所有关于 SAR 中吸烟戒烟和相关因素的可用文献来源。审查结果表明，SAR 需要加强戒烟工作，这可能有助于制定有效的控制吸烟流行率的政策和准则。
尽管做出了努力，但由于未发表或无法获取的文章、无意的选择偏差、或发表在当地语言的文章等原因，可能会遗漏潜在的相关记录。此外，排除了 18 岁以下参与者和精神疾病吸烟者的文献可能会限制研究结果的普遍性。
