Lee Euiyeon, Lee Minhyeong, Kwon San, Kim Jongpil, Kwon Youngeun
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Korea.
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
Nano Converg. 2022 Jun 9;9(1):27. doi: 10.1186/s40580-022-00320-y.
For decades, nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely implemented in various biomedical fields due to their unique optical, thermal, and tunable properties. Particularly, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have opened new frontiers in sensing, targeted drug delivery, imaging, and photodynamic therapy, showing promising results for the treatment of various intractable diseases that affect quality of life and longevity. Despite the tremendous achievements of AuNPs-based approaches in biomedical applications, few AuNP-based nanomedicines have been evaluated in clinical trials, which is likely due to a shortage of understanding of the biological and pathological effects of AuNPs. The biological fate of AuNPs is tightly related to a variety of physicochemical parameters including size, shape, chemical structure of ligands, charge, and protein corona, and therefore evaluating the effects of these parameters on specific biological interactions is a major ongoing challenge. Therefore, this review focuses on ongoing nanotoxicology studies that aim to characterize the effect of various AuNP characteristics on AuNP-induced toxicity. Specifically, we focus on understanding how each parameter alters the specific biological interactions of AuNPs via mechanistic analysis of nano-bio interactions. We also discuss different cellular functions affected by AuNP treatment (e.g., cell motility, ROS generation, interaction with DNA, and immune response) to understand their potential human health risks. The information discussed herein could contribute to the safe usage of nanomedicine by providing a basis for appropriate risk assessment and for the development of nano-QSAR models.
几十年来，纳米颗粒（NPs）因其独特的光学、热学和可调节特性而在各种生物医学领域中得到广泛应用。特别是，金纳米颗粒（AuNPs）在传感、靶向药物递送、成像和光动力疗法方面开辟了新的前沿领域，在治疗影响生活质量和寿命的各种难治性疾病方面显示出有希望的结果。尽管基于AuNPs的方法在生物医学应用中取得了巨大成就，但很少有基于AuNP的纳米药物在临床试验中得到评估，这可能是由于对AuNPs的生物学和病理学效应缺乏了解。AuNPs的生物学命运与包括尺寸、形状、配体的化学结构、电荷和蛋白质冠层在内的各种物理化学参数密切相关，因此评估这些参数对特定生物相互作用的影响是一个主要的持续挑战。因此，本综述重点关注正在进行的纳米毒理学研究，这些研究旨在表征各种AuNP特性对AuNP诱导的毒性的影响。具体而言，我们专注于通过对纳米-生物相互作用的机制分析来理解每个参数如何改变AuNPs的特定生物相互作用。我们还讨论了受AuNP处理影响的不同细胞功能（例如细胞运动、ROS生成、与DNA的相互作用和免疫反应），以了解它们对人类健康的潜在风险。本文讨论的信息可为纳米药物的安全使用做出贡献，为适当的风险评估和纳米QSAR模型的开发提供基础。
