Yun Yeochan, Kim Seewoo, Lee Sang-Nam, Cho Hyeon-Yeol, Choi Jeong-Woo
Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea.
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea.
Nano Converg. 2024 Dec 13;11(1):56. doi: 10.1186/s40580-024-00466-x.
Nanomaterials have emerged as transformative tools for detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating cancer stem cells (CCSCs), significantly enhancing cancer diagnostics and immunotherapy. Nanomaterials, including those composed of gold, magnetic materials, and silica, have enhanced the sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of isolating these rare cells from blood. These developments are of paramount importance for the early detection of cancer and for providing real-time insights into metastasis and treatment resistance, which are essential for the development of personalized immunotherapies. The combination of nanomaterial-based platforms with phenotyping techniques, such as Raman spectroscopy and microfluidics, enables researchers to enhance immunotherapy protocols targeting specific CTC and CCSC markers. Nanomaterials also facilitate the targeted delivery of immunotherapeutic agents, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and therapeutic antibodies, directly to tumor cells. This synergistic approach has the potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy and mitigate the risk of metastasis and relapse. In conclusion, this review critically examines the use of nanomaterial-driven detection systems for detecting CTCs and CCSCs, their application in immunotherapy, and suggests future directions, highlighting their potential to transform the integration of diagnostics and treatment, thereby paving the way for more precise and personalized cancer therapies.
纳米材料已成为检测循环肿瘤细胞（CTC）和循环癌干细胞（CCSC）的变革性工具，显著提升了癌症诊断和免疫治疗水平。包括由金、磁性材料和二氧化硅组成的纳米材料，提高了从血液中分离这些稀有细胞的灵敏度、特异性和效率。这些进展对于癌症的早期检测以及实时洞察转移和治疗耐药性至关重要，而这对于个性化免疫治疗的发展必不可少。基于纳米材料的平台与表型分析技术（如拉曼光谱和微流体技术）相结合，使研究人员能够改进针对特定CTC和CCSC标志物的免疫治疗方案。纳米材料还有助于将免疫治疗药物（包括免疫检查点抑制剂和治疗性抗体）直接靶向递送至肿瘤细胞。这种协同方法有可能提高治疗效果，降低转移和复发风险。总之，本综述批判性地审视了使用纳米材料驱动的检测系统检测CTC和CCSC及其在免疫治疗中的应用，并提出了未来方向，强调了它们在改变诊断与治疗整合方面的潜力，从而为更精确和个性化的癌症治疗铺平道路。
