Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand.
School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand.
Ecohealth. 2022 Jun;19(2):273-289. doi: 10.1007/s10393-022-01593-9. Epub 2022 Jun 10.
Public health risks associated with the intensification of dairy farming are an emerging concern. Dairy cattle are a reservoir for a number of pathogens that can cause human illness. This study examined the spatial distribution of dairy cattle density and explored temporal patterns of human campylobacteriosis and cryptosporidiosis notifications in New Zealand from 1997 to 2015. Maps of dairy cattle density were produced, and temporal patterns of disease rates were assessed for urban versus rural areas and for areas with different dairy cattle densities using descriptive temporal analyses. Campylobacteriosis and cryptosporidiosis rates displayed strong seasonal patterns, with highest rates in spring in rural areas and, for campylobacteriosis, summer in urban areas. Increases in rural cases often preceded increases in urban cases. Furthermore, disease rates in areas with higher dairy cattle densities tended to peak before areas with low densities or no dairy cattle. Infected dairy calves may be a direct or indirect source of campylobacteriosis or cryptosporidiosis infection in humans through environmental or occupational exposure routes, including contact with animals or feces, recreational contact with contaminated waterways, and consumption of untreated drinking water. These results have public health implications for populations living, working, or recreating in proximity to dairy farms.
与奶牛养殖业集约化相关的公共卫生风险是一个新出现的问题。奶牛是许多病原体的宿主，这些病原体可能导致人类疾病。本研究从 1997 年至 2015 年调查了新西兰奶牛密度的空间分布，并探讨了人类弯曲菌病和隐孢子虫病的时间模式。制作了奶牛密度图，并使用描述性时间分析评估了城乡地区以及不同奶牛密度地区疾病率的时间模式。弯曲菌病和隐孢子虫病的发病率具有很强的季节性模式，农村地区春季发病率最高，城市地区夏季发病率最高。农村病例的增加往往先于城市病例的增加。此外，奶牛密度较高地区的疾病发病率往往先于密度较低或没有奶牛的地区达到峰值。受感染的奶牛犊可能是人类弯曲菌病或隐孢子虫病感染的直接或间接来源，通过环境或职业暴露途径，包括与动物或粪便接触、在受污染的水道中娱乐接触以及饮用未经处理的饮用水。这些结果对生活、工作或在奶牛场附近娱乐的人群具有公共卫生意义。
