Escamilla Alfredo, Sanvicente Mauro, Sosa Miguel, Galindo-Leal Carlos
Consejo Agro-Silvopecuario y de Servicios de X-Pujil, Zoh-Laguna, Campeche, México, D.F.
Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, U.S.A.
Conserv Biol. 2000 Dec 18;14(6):1592-1601. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2000.99069.x.
Habitat loss and subsistence hunting are two of the main activities that affect wildlife in frontier areas. We compared subsistence hunting patterns in four villages with different ethnic composition and degree of habitat disturbance in the vicinity of Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, Campeche, Mexico. We also compared differences between some of these villages in harvest composition and prey availability to determine hunting preferences. We used a Landsat TM satellite image to analyze the degree of disturbance around the villages. We conducted periodic surveys of subsistence hunting and prey availability. Wildlife availability was assessed monthly on nine transects (3000 m) established in the vicinity of three villages. The relative amount of disturbed habitat was smaller in an indigenous Maya village ( IV ) and larger in a mestizo village ( MV ). The two mixed-composition villages ( MCVs) had intermediate levels of disturbance. Ten species, four large and six small, of birds and mammals accounted for 97% of the hunting records. Hunting was more intense in IV and less intense in MCV1. The three village types had different hunting preferences. The habitat-mosaic composition in the vicinity of the villages influenced prey availability and subsistence-hunting preferences. Changes in the habitat mosaic were caused by the size of the holding and by ethnic composition. In spite of longer settlement time, the habitat mosaic in the vicinity of IV was less transformed than that of the other sites. Their larger holding size and greater diversity of economic activities may explain why the Mayas at IV have transformed the landscape less than the other groups and can hunt more and larger prey.
栖息地丧失和自给性狩猎是影响边境地区野生动物的两项主要活动。我们比较了墨西哥坎佩切州卡拉科尔生物圈保护区附近四个具有不同种族构成和栖息地干扰程度的村庄的自给性狩猎模式。我们还比较了其中一些村庄在猎物构成和猎物可获得性方面的差异，以确定狩猎偏好。我们使用陆地卫星专题制图仪（Landsat TM）卫星图像分析村庄周围的干扰程度。我们对自给性狩猎和猎物可获得性进行了定期调查。在三个村庄附近设立的九条样带（3000米）上，每月评估一次野生动物的可获得性。一个玛雅原住民村庄（IV）受干扰栖息地的相对面积较小，而一个混血村庄（MV）受干扰的面积较大。两个混合构成的村庄（MCV）的干扰程度处于中间水平。十种鸟类和哺乳动物，四种大型和六种小型，占狩猎记录的97%。IV村的狩猎活动更为频繁，而MCV1村的狩猎活动则不那么频繁。这三种村庄类型有不同的狩猎偏好。村庄附近的栖息地镶嵌构成影响了猎物的可获得性和自给性狩猎偏好。栖息地镶嵌的变化是由土地持有规模和种族构成引起的。尽管IV村的定居时间更长，但其附近的栖息地镶嵌变化程度小于其他地点。他们更大的土地持有规模和更多样化的经济活动可能解释了为什么IV村的玛雅人对景观的改变比其他群体少，并且能够捕猎更多、更大的猎物。
