Rauchman Steven H, Albert Jacqueline, Pinkhasov Aaron, Reiss Allison B
The Fresno Institute of Neuroscience, Fresno, CA 93730, USA.
Department of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA.
Neurol Int. 2022 May 30;14(2):453-470. doi: 10.3390/neurolint14020038.
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a major global public health problem. Neurological damage from TBI may be mild, moderate, or severe and occurs both immediately at the time of impact (primary injury) and continues to evolve afterwards (secondary injury). In mild (m)TBI, common symptoms are headaches, dizziness and fatigue. Visual impairment is especially prevalent. Insomnia, attentional deficits and memory problems often occur. Neuroimaging methods for the management of TBI include computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The location and the extent of injuries determine the motor and/or sensory deficits that result. Parietal lobe damage can lead to deficits in sensorimotor function, memory, and attention span. The processing of visual information may be disrupted, with consequences such as poor hand-eye coordination and balance. TBI may cause lesions in the occipital or parietal lobe that leave the TBI patient with incomplete homonymous hemianopia. Overall, TBI can interfere with everyday life by compromising the ability to work, sleep, drive, read, communicate and perform numerous activities previously taken for granted. Treatment and rehabilitation options available to TBI sufferers are inadequate and there is a pressing need for new ways to help these patients to optimize their functioning and maintain productivity and participation in life activities, family and community.
创伤性脑损伤（TBI）是一个重大的全球公共卫生问题。TBI造成的神经损伤可能为轻度、中度或重度，在撞击时即刻发生（原发性损伤），之后还会持续发展（继发性损伤）。在轻度创伤性脑损伤（mTBI）中，常见症状有头痛、头晕和疲劳。视力障碍尤为普遍。失眠、注意力缺陷和记忆问题也经常出现。用于TBI管理的神经影像学方法包括计算机断层扫描和磁共振成像。损伤的位置和程度决定了由此导致的运动和/或感觉缺陷。顶叶损伤可导致感觉运动功能、记忆和注意力持续时间方面的缺陷。视觉信息处理可能会受到干扰，产生诸如手眼协调能力差和平衡能力差等后果。TBI可能会在枕叶或顶叶造成病变，使TBI患者出现不完全性同向性偏盲。总体而言，TBI会损害患者工作、睡眠、驾驶、阅读、交流以及进行许多以前认为理所当然的活动的能力，从而干扰日常生活。TBI患者可获得的治疗和康复选择并不充分，迫切需要新的方法来帮助这些患者优化其功能，保持生产力并参与生活活动、家庭和社区事务。
