Unit and School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.
Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy.
Medicina (Kaunas). 2022 Jun 6;58(6):767. doi: 10.3390/medicina58060767.
: Bones and the skeletal muscle play a key role in human physiology as regulators of metabolism in the whole organism. Bone tissue is identified as a complex and dynamic living unit that could react to physical activity. Hormones, growth factors, signaling factors, and environmental factors control osteogenesis, and it could be regulated at a post-transcriptional level. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can interfere with mRNAs translation. Increasing data suggest that miRNAs, through different pathways, are involved in the regulation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) differentiation and physical activity-induced bone remodeling. The purpose of this narrative review is to investigate the potential protective role played by physical activity in affecting miRNAs expression in close tissues and elaborate on the complex network of interplay that could drive various metabolic responses of the bone to physical activity. A bibliographic search of the scientific literature was carried out in scientific databases to investigate the possible effect of physical activity on age-related features detected in the musculoskeletal system. : Several studies suggested that the musculoskeletal system interacting at a biomolecular level could establish crosstalk between bone and muscle in an endocrine or paracrine way through myokines released by muscle at the periosteal interface or in the bloodstream, such as irisin. Mechanical stimuli have a key role in bone formation and resorption, increasing osteogenesis and downregulating adipogenesis of BMSC via regulation of expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), respectively. Increasing data suggest that miRNAs, through different pathways, are involved in the regulation of BMSCs differentiation and physical activity-induced bone remodeling. Modulation of miRNAs following physical exercise represents an interesting field of investigation since these non-coding RNAs may be considered defenders against degenerative diseases and as well as useful prognostic markers in skeletal and muscle-skeletal diseases, such as osteoporosis.
骨骼和骨骼肌在人体生理学中起着关键作用，作为整个机体代谢的调节剂。骨组织被认为是一个复杂而活跃的活体单位，可以对身体活动做出反应。激素、生长因子、信号因子和环境因素控制着成骨作用，并且可以在转录后水平进行调节。微小 RNA（miRNA）可以干扰 mRNA 的翻译。越来越多的数据表明，miRNA 通过不同的途径参与调节骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSC）的分化和体力活动诱导的骨重塑。本综述的目的是探讨体力活动在影响密切组织中 miRNA 表达方面可能发挥的潜在保护作用，并详细阐述可能驱动骨骼对体力活动产生各种代谢反应的复杂相互作用网络。在科学数据库中进行了科学文献的文献检索，以研究体力活动对骨骼肌肉系统中检测到的与年龄相关特征的可能影响。
几项研究表明，骨骼肌肉系统在生物分子水平上的相互作用可以通过肌肉在骨膜界面或血液中释放的肌因子（如鸢尾素）以内分泌或旁分泌的方式在骨骼和肌肉之间建立串扰。机械刺激在骨形成和吸收中起着关键作用，通过调节 runt 相关转录因子 2（Runx2）和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPARγ）的表达，分别增加成骨作用和下调 BMSC 的脂肪生成作用。越来越多的数据表明，miRNA 通过不同的途径参与调节 BMSC 的分化和体力活动诱导的骨重塑。miRNA 在前体运动后的调节代表了一个有趣的研究领域，因为这些非编码 RNA 可以被认为是退行性疾病的防御者，并且是骨骼和肌肉骨骼疾病（如骨质疏松症）的有用预后标志物。
