Ferreira Patricia Garcia, Ferreira Vitor Francisco, da Silva Fernando de Carvalho, Freitas Cyntia Silva, Pereira Patricia Ribeiro, Paschoalin Vania Margaret Flosi
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas a Produtos para a Saúde, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24241-000, RJ, Brazil.
Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24241-000, RJ, Brazil.
Pharmaceutics. 2022 Jun 20;14(6):1307. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061307.
Chitosan displays a dual function, acting as both an active ingredient and/or carrier for pharmaceutical bioactive molecules and metal ions. Its hydroxyl- and amino-reactive groups and acetylation degree can be used to adjust this biopolymer's physicochemical and pharmacological properties in different forms, including scaffolds, nanoparticles, fibers, sponges, films, and hydrogels, among others. In terms of pharmacological purposes, chitosan association with different polymers and the immobilization or entrapment of bioactive agents are effective strategies to achieve desired biological responses. Chitosan biocompatibility, water entrapment within nanofibrils, antioxidant character, and antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, whether enhanced by other active components or not, ensure skin moisturization, as well as protection against bacteria colonization and oxidative imbalance. Chitosan-based nanomaterials can maintain or reconstruct skin architecture through topical or systemic delivery of hydrophilic or hydrophobic pharmaceuticals at controlled rates to treat skin affections, such as acne, inflammatory manifestations, wounds, or even tumorigenesis, by coating chemotherapy drugs. Herein, chitosan obtention, physicochemical characteristics, chemical modifications, and interactions with bioactive agents are presented and discussed. Molecular mechanisms involved in chitosan skin protection and recovery are highlighted by overlapping the events orchestrated by the signaling molecules secreted by different cell types to reconstitute healthy skin tissue structures and components.
壳聚糖具有双重功能，既作为药物生物活性分子和金属离子的活性成分和/或载体。其羟基和氨基反应基团以及乙酰化程度可用于以不同形式（包括支架、纳米颗粒、纤维、海绵、薄膜和水凝胶等）调节这种生物聚合物的物理化学和药理性质。就药理目的而言，壳聚糖与不同聚合物的结合以及生物活性剂的固定或包埋是实现所需生物学反应的有效策略。壳聚糖的生物相容性、纳米纤维内的水分截留、抗氧化特性以及抗菌和抗炎特性，无论是否由其他活性成分增强，都能确保皮肤保湿，并防止细菌定植和氧化失衡。基于壳聚糖的纳米材料可以通过以可控速率局部或全身递送亲水性或疏水性药物来维持或重建皮肤结构，以治疗皮肤疾病，如痤疮、炎症表现、伤口，甚至通过包被化疗药物来治疗肿瘤发生。本文介绍并讨论了壳聚糖的制备、物理化学特性、化学修饰以及与生物活性剂的相互作用。通过叠加不同细胞类型分泌的信号分子所编排的事件，以重建健康皮肤组织结构和成分，突出了壳聚糖皮肤保护和恢复所涉及的分子机制。
