Villalobos-Segura Eduardo, Marramà Giuseppe, Carnevale Giorgio, Claeson Kerin M, Underwood Charlie J, Naylor Gavin J P, Kriwet Jürgen
Evolutionary Morphology Research Group, Department of Palaeontology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geography and Astronomy, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2,1090 Vienna, Austria.
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy.
Diversity (Basel). 2022 Jun 6;14(6):456. doi: 10.3390/d14060456.
Elasmobranchii are relatively well-studied. However, numerous phylogenetic uncertainties about their relationships remain. Here, we revisit the phylogenetic evidence based on a detailed morphological re-evaluation of all the major extant batomorph clades (skates and rays), including several holomorphic fossil taxa from the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, and an extensive outgroup sampling, which includes sharks, chimaeras and several other fossil chondrichthyans. The parsimony and maximum-likelihood analyses found more resolved but contrasting topologies, with the Bayesian inference tree neither supporting nor disfavouring any of them. Overall, the analyses result in similar clade compositions and topologies, with the Jurassic batomorphs forming the sister clade to all the other batomorphs, whilst all the Cretaceous batomorphs are nested within the remaining main clades. The disparate arrangements recovered under the different criteria suggest that a detailed study of Jurassic taxa is of utmost importance to present a more consistent topology in the deeper nodes, as issues continue to be present when analysing those clades previously recognized only by molecular analyses (e.g., Rhinopristiformes and Torpediniformes). The consistent placement of fossil taxa within specific groups by the different phylogenetic criteria is promising and indicates that the inclusion of more fossil taxa in the present matrix will likely not cause loss of resolution, therefore suggesting that a strong phylogenetic signal can be recovered from fossil taxa.
板鳃亚纲动物已得到较为充分的研究。然而，关于它们之间的关系仍存在许多系统发育上的不确定性。在此，我们基于对所有主要现存鳐形目分支（鳐和魟）进行详细的形态学重新评估来重新审视系统发育证据，其中包括来自古生代、中生代和新生代的几个全模化石类群，以及广泛的外类群抽样，包括鲨鱼、银鲛和其他几种化石软骨鱼类。简约分析和最大似然分析得出了更清晰但相互矛盾的拓扑结构，贝叶斯推断树既不支持也不反对其中任何一种。总体而言，这些分析得出了相似的分支组成和拓扑结构，侏罗纪鳐形目动物构成了所有其他鳐形目动物的姐妹分支，而所有白垩纪鳐形目动物都嵌套在其余的主要分支中。在不同标准下得到的不同排列表明，对侏罗纪类群进行详细研究对于在更深层次的节点呈现更一致的拓扑结构至关重要，因为在分析那些以前仅通过分子分析识别的分支（如犁头鳐目和电鳐目）时问题仍然存在。不同系统发育标准下化石类群在特定类群中的一致定位很有前景，这表明在当前矩阵中纳入更多化石类群可能不会导致分辨率的丧失，因此表明可以从化石类群中恢复强烈的系统发育信号。
