Fisheries and Aquaculture Biotechnology Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China.
Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2022 Aug;241:113798. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113798. Epub 2022 Jun 21.
Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), widely applied as flame retardant into a variety of products, can be physically leached out to the aquatic environment. Measurable values of TDCIPP have been found in the environment and within biota. Many toxicological assessments have shown that TDCIPP could cause developmental toxicity and oxidative stress in fish. In this study, we focused on the effects of TDCIPP on the growth and oxidative stress of an important commercial fish species in China, silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Fish larvae was exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.05, 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/L) of TDCIPP for 7, 14 and 28 days. Simultaneously, the transcription levels of genes associated with the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis and the antioxidative enzymes were examined. The body length and body mass of silver carp larvae decreased significantly only under exposure to 5 and 50 μg/L of TDCIPP at 14 days compared with the control group, while differences on those paraments were observed at 0.05, 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/L when larvae were exposed for 28 days. The observation evidenced the time- and dose- dependent growth inhibitions caused by TDCIPP on silver carp larvae. Exposure to TDCIPP also decreased the contents of GH and IGF1 in fish attended by significant down-regulation of gh and igf1. Moreover, TDCIPP up-regulated the expression of cat, sod1 and gstt followed by an increase of the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), but the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were decreased. These results suggested that growth inhibition and oxidative stress co-occurred in silver carp larvae after exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TDCIPP accompanied by the abnormal expression of genes which associated with the GH/IGF axis and antioxidative enzymes.
三（1,3-二氯-2-丙基）磷酸酯（TDCIPP）作为一种广泛应用于各种产品的阻燃剂，可能会从物理上浸出到水生环境中。在环境中和生物群中都发现了可测量的 TDCIPP 值。许多毒理学评估表明，TDCIPP 可能会对鱼类造成发育毒性和氧化应激。在这项研究中，我们专注于 TDCIPP 对中国重要商业鱼类——白鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）生长和氧化应激的影响。鱼仔在环境相关浓度（0.05、0.5、5 和 50μg/L）的 TDCIPP 中暴露 7、14 和 28 天。同时，检查了与生长激素/胰岛素样生长因子（GH/IGF）轴和抗氧化酶相关的基因的转录水平。与对照组相比，仅在 14 天时，5 和 50μg/L 的 TDCIPP 暴露下，白鲢仔鱼的体长和体重显著降低，而在 28 天暴露于 0.05、0.5、5 和 50μg/L 时，这些参数也存在差异。观察结果证明了 TDCIPP 对白鲢仔鱼的生长抑制具有时间和剂量依赖性。TDCIPP 的暴露还降低了鱼体内 GH 和 IGF1 的含量，并伴随着 gh 和 igf1 的显著下调。此外，TDCIPP 上调了 cat、sod1 和 gstt 的表达，随后增加了过氧化氢酶（CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性以及丙二醛（MDA）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）的水平，但谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPX）的活性降低。这些结果表明，在暴露于环境相关浓度的 TDCIPP 后，白鲢仔鱼同时发生生长抑制和氧化应激，伴随着与 GH/IGF 轴和抗氧化酶相关的基因的异常表达。
