Koyro Hans-Werner, Huchzermeyer Bernhard
Institute of Plantecology, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
Institute of Botany, Leibniz Universitaet Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Str. 2, 30416 Hannover, Germany.
Plants (Basel). 2022 Jun 22;11(13):1654. doi: 10.3390/plants11131654.
Crop resistance to environmental stress is a major issue. The globally increasing land degradation and desertification enhance the demand on management practices to balance both food and environmental objectives, including strategies that tighten nutrient cycles and maintain yields. Agriculture needs to provide, among other things, future additional ecosystem services, such as water quantity and quality, runoff control, soil fertility maintenance, carbon storage, climate regulation, and biodiversity. Numerous research projects have focused on the food-soil-climate nexus, and results were summarized in several reviews during the last decades. Based on this impressive piece of information, we have selected only a few aspects with the intention of studying plant-soil interactions and methods for optimization. In the short term, the use of soil amendments is currently attracting great interest to cover the current demand in agriculture. We will discuss the impact of biochar at water shortage, and plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) at improving nutrient supply to plants. In this review, our focus is on the interplay of both soil amendments on primary reactions of photosynthesis, plant growth conditions, and signaling during adaptation to environmental stress. Moreover, we aim at providing a general overview of how dehydration and salinity affect signaling in cells. With the use of the example of abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene, we discuss the effects that can be observed when biochar and PGPB are used in the presence of stress. The stress response of plants is a multifactorial trait. Nevertheless, we will show that plants follow a general concept to adapt to unfavorable environmental conditions in the short and long term. However, plant species differ in the upper and lower regulatory limits of gene expression. Therefore, the presented data may help in the identification of traits for future breeding of stress-resistant crops. One target for breeding could be the removal and efficient recycling of damaged as well as needless compounds and structures. Furthermore, in this context, we will show that autophagy can be a useful goal of breeding measures, since the recycling of building blocks helps the cells to overcome a period of imbalanced substrate supply during stress adjustment.
作物对环境胁迫的抗性是一个主要问题。全球范围内土地退化和荒漠化不断加剧，这增加了对管理措施的需求，以平衡粮食和环境目标，包括加强养分循环和维持产量的策略。农业除其他事项外，还需要提供未来额外的生态系统服务，如水的数量和质量、径流控制、土壤肥力维持、碳储存、气候调节和生物多样性。众多研究项目聚焦于食物 - 土壤 - 气候关系，过去几十年的几篇综述总结了相关结果。基于这些大量信息，我们仅选取了几个方面，旨在研究植物 - 土壤相互作用及优化方法。短期内，土壤改良剂的使用目前引起了极大关注，以满足农业当前的需求。我们将讨论生物炭在缺水情况下的影响，以及植物促生细菌（PGPB）在改善植物养分供应方面的作用。在本综述中，我们关注的是这两种土壤改良剂在光合作用的初级反应、植物生长条件以及适应环境胁迫过程中的信号传导方面的相互作用。此外，我们旨在全面概述脱水和盐度如何影响细胞内的信号传导。以脱落酸（ABA）和乙烯为例，我们讨论在胁迫条件下使用生物炭和PGPB时可观察到 的影响。植物的胁迫反应是一个多因素性状。然而，我们将表明植物遵循一个通用概念来短期和长期适应不利的环境条件。但是，不同植物物种在基因表达的上调和下调调控限度方面存在差异。因此，所呈现的数据可能有助于识别未来抗逆作物育种的性状。育种的一个目标可能是去除并有效回收受损以及不必要的化合物和结构。此外，在这种情况下，我们将表明自噬可以成为育种措施的一个有用目标，因为构建模块的循环利用有助于细胞在胁迫调整期间克服底物供应不平衡的时期。
