Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Sports Unit, Ministry of Defence, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2022 Jul 13;19(1):380-396. doi: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2099231. eCollection 2022.
Rapid weight loss (RWL) followed by rapid weight gain (RWG) is a regular pre-competition routine in combat sports and weightlifting. With the prevalence of these sports exceeding 20% at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, there are limited data on RWL and RWG practices and their impact on well-being and competitive success in elite-level athletes.
A total of 138 elite-level female and male judokas, 7.7% of the athletes ranked as top 150 on the International Judo Federation Senior World Ranking List (WRL), completed a survey on RWL, RWG, and the consequences of these practices.
Our findings showed that 96% of the respondents practice RWL. The average reduced body mass percentage was 5.8 ± 2.3%. Respondents who used either of the dehydration methods - fluid restriction, sauna suit, and/or sauna/hot bath - to reduce weight were 88%, 85%, and 76%, respectively. Furthermore, 91% of the respondents reported reduced energy as a negative consequence of RWL and 21% experienced a collapse episode during the RWL period. Respondents ranked 1-20 on the WRL experienced fewer negative consequences of RWL and RWG ( = 0.002) and had more dietitian and/or medical doctor support ( = 0.040) than lower-ranked respondents. Those who started with RWL practices before the age of 16 (38%) were ranked lower on the WRL ( = 0.004) and reported more negative consequences of RWL and RWG ( = 0.014).
This study is the first to provide insight into the RWL practices of worldwide elite-level judokas and provides valuable information for the combat sports society, especially coaches. Proper weight management and optimal timed initiation of RWL practices in a judoka's career may contribute to success at the elite level.
快速减重（RWL）后紧接着快速增重（RWG）是格斗运动和举重比赛中的常见赛前常规。由于这些运动在 2020 年东京奥运会上的普及率超过 20%，因此，有关 RWL 和 RWG 实践及其对精英级运动员的健康和竞技成功的影响的数据有限。
共有 138 名精英级女、男柔道运动员，占国际柔道联合会高级世界排名（WRL）前 150 名运动员的 7.7%，完成了关于 RWL、RWG 以及这些做法的后果的调查。
我们的研究结果表明，96%的受访者都进行过 RWL。平均减少的体质量百分比为 5.8±2.3%。使用脱水方法（限制液体摄入、穿桑拿服、以及/或桑拿/热水浴）来减轻体重的受访者分别为 88%、85%和 76%。此外，91%的受访者报告说 RWL 导致能量减少，21%的受访者在 RWL 期间出现崩溃。WRL 排名前 1-20 的受访者经历的 RWL 和 RWG 的负面影响较少（ = 0.002），并且得到了更多营养师和/或医生的支持（ = 0.040）。那些在 16 岁之前开始进行 RWL 实践的受访者（38%）在 WRL 上的排名较低（ = 0.004），并且报告了更多的 RWL 和 RWG 的负面影响（ = 0.014）。
这项研究首次深入了解了全球精英级柔道运动员的 RWL 实践，并为格斗运动界，尤其是教练们提供了有价值的信息。在柔道运动员的职业生涯中，适当的体重管理和最佳时机的 RWL 实践开始可能有助于在精英级别取得成功。
