Frederick E C
J Sports Sci. 1986 Winter;4(3):169-84. doi: 10.1080/02640418608732116.
One prominent pattern emerging from a review of the literature on sport shoes and biomechanics is the observation that many effects are the indirect result of shoe-induced adjustments in movement, i.e. a particular shoe characteristic elicits a kinematic adaptation which in turn has secondary consequences on kinetics and on injury and performance. For example, in addition to its variable effects on peak forces, cushioning system design has been shown to alter electromyographic patterns and to affect knee flexion during foot strike and affect indirectly the economy of running. Mediolateral stability as measured by rearfoot kinematics is strongly influenced by shoe design features such as heel lift, and sole hardness and geometry. The frictional properties of the shoe and surface interface have also been shown to affect kinematics in a way that in turn affects the recorded frictional forces themselves. Such kinematically mediated responses are the most provocative result of studies of the biomechanical effects of footwear. It is becoming apparent that the shoe can be a powerful tool for manipulating human movement. The abundance of shoe design possibilities coupled with the body's tendency to adjust in predictable ways to shoe mechanical characteristics have given us a new way to manipulate human kinematics and kinetics, as well as a convenient model for studying biomechanical adaptation.
对运动鞋与生物力学相关文献进行综述时出现的一个显著模式是，观察到许多影响是鞋子引起的运动调整的间接结果，即特定的鞋子特征引发运动学适应，进而对动力学、损伤和表现产生次要影响。例如，除了对峰值力有不同影响外，缓冲系统设计还被证明会改变肌电图模式，并在足部着地时影响膝关节屈曲，进而间接影响跑步经济性。通过后足运动学测量的内外侧稳定性受鞋跟高度、鞋底硬度和几何形状等鞋类设计特征的强烈影响。鞋与地面界面的摩擦特性也已表明会以某种方式影响运动学，进而影响记录到的摩擦力本身。这种由运动学介导的反应是鞋类生物力学效应研究中最具启发性的结果。越来越明显的是，鞋子可以成为操纵人体运动的有力工具。丰富的鞋类设计可能性加上身体以可预测方式适应鞋子机械特性的倾向，为我们提供了一种操纵人体运动学和动力学的新方法，以及一个研究生物力学适应的便捷模型。
