Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Biosensors (Basel). 2022 Jun 30;12(7):478. doi: 10.3390/bios12070478.
Hypoxia in solid tumors is associated with poor prognosis, increased aggressiveness, and strong resistance to therapeutics, making accurate monitoring of hypoxia important. Several imaging modalities have been used to study hypoxia, but each modality has inherent limitations. The use of a second modality can compensate for the limitations and validate the results of any single imaging modality. In this review, we describe dual-mode imaging systems for the detection of hypoxia that have been reported since the start of the 21st century. First, we provide a brief overview of the hallmarks of hypoxia used for imaging and the imaging modalities used to detect hypoxia, including optical imaging, ultrasound imaging, photoacoustic imaging, single-photon emission tomography, X-ray computed tomography, positron emission tomography, Cerenkov radiation energy transfer imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, electron paramagnetic resonance imaging, magnetic particle imaging, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and mass spectrometric imaging. These overviews are followed by examples of hypoxia-relevant imaging using a mixture of probes for complementary single-mode imaging techniques. Then, we describe dual-mode molecular switches that are responsive in multiple imaging modalities to at least one hypoxia-induced pathological change. Finally, we offer future perspectives toward dual-mode imaging of hypoxia and hypoxia-induced pathophysiological changes in tumor microenvironments.
实体肿瘤中的缺氧与预后不良、侵袭性增加和对治疗的强烈抵抗有关，因此准确监测缺氧非常重要。已经有几种成像方式被用于研究缺氧，但每种方式都有其固有的局限性。使用第二种方式可以弥补这些局限性，并验证任何单一成像方式的结果。在这篇综述中，我们描述了自 21 世纪初以来报道的用于检测缺氧的双模成像系统。首先，我们简要概述了用于成像的缺氧特征以及用于检测缺氧的成像方式，包括光学成像、超声成像、光声成像、单光子发射断层扫描、X 射线计算机断层扫描、正电子发射断层扫描、切伦科夫辐射能量转移成像、磁共振成像、电子顺磁共振成像、磁性粒子成像和表面增强拉曼光谱，以及质谱成像。这些概述之后是使用互补单模成像技术的混合探针进行的缺氧相关成像的示例。然后，我们描述了对至少一种缺氧诱导的病理变化有反应的双模分子开关。最后，我们对肿瘤微环境中缺氧及其诱导的病理生理变化的双模成像提出了未来的展望。
