Halsell R D
Radiology. 1987 Jul;164(1):276-8. doi: 10.1148/radiology.164.1.3588919.
While constant injection pressure was maintained, in vitro flow rates of contemporary contrast media through selected, typical, contemporary angiographic catheters were measured at room and body temperatures. Heating the contrast media increased the flow rate by greater than 8% only when high-viscosity (ionic monomeric 76% and ionic dimeric 58.9%) contrast material was used in small (4- and 5-F) catheters. Although flow rates with other combinations of catheter length, contrast material, and injection pressure cannot be predicted from these results, heating of contrast material is probably most useful when a high-viscosity contrast medium is used in a small catheter.
在保持恒定注射压力的情况下，在室温和体温下测量了当代造影剂通过选定的典型当代血管造影导管的体外流速。仅当在小口径（4F和5F）导管中使用高粘度（离子单体76%和离子二聚体58.9%）造影剂时，加热造影剂才会使流速增加超过8%。尽管无法根据这些结果预测导管长度、造影剂和注射压力的其他组合情况下的流速，但当在小导管中使用高粘度造影剂时，加热造影剂可能最有用。
