Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India.
Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India; Department of Biochemistry, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India.
Cell Signal. 2022 Nov;99:110413. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110413. Epub 2022 Jul 27.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer with the second most frequent cause of death worldwide. One fourth to one fifth of the CRC cases are detected at advance stage. Early detection of colorectal cancer might help in decreasing mortality and morbidity worldwide. CRC being a heterogeneous disease, new non-invasive approaches are needed to complement and improve the screening and management of CRC. Reliable and early detectable biomarkers would improve diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic responses, and will enable the prediction of drug response and recurrence risk. Over the past decades molecular research has demonstrated the potentials of CTCs, ctDNAs, circulating mRNAs, ncRNAs, and exosomes as tumor biomarkers. Non-invasive screening approaches using fecal samples for identification of altered gut microbes in CRC is also gaining attention. Exosomes can be potential candidates that can be employed in the drug delivery system. Further, the integration of in vitro, in vivo and in silico models that involve CRC biomarkers will help to understand the interactions occurring at the cellular level. This review summarizes recent update on CRC biomarkers and their application along with the nanoparticles followed by the application of organoid culture in CRC.
结直肠癌（CRC）是全球第三大常见癌症，也是第二大常见死亡原因。四分之一到五分之一的 CRC 病例在晚期被发现。早期发现结直肠癌可能有助于降低全球的死亡率和发病率。CRC 是一种异质性疾病，需要新的非侵入性方法来补充和改善 CRC 的筛查和管理。可靠且早期可检测的生物标志物将改善诊断、预后、治疗反应，并能够预测药物反应和复发风险。在过去的几十年中，分子研究已经证明了循环肿瘤细胞（CTC）、循环肿瘤 DNA（ctDNA）、循环信使 RNA（mRNA）、非编码 RNA（ncRNA）和外泌体作为肿瘤标志物的潜力。使用粪便样本识别 CRC 中肠道微生物改变的非侵入性筛查方法也受到关注。外泌体可以作为药物传递系统的潜在候选物。此外，整合涉及 CRC 生物标志物的体外、体内和计算机模拟模型将有助于了解细胞水平发生的相互作用。本文综述了 CRC 生物标志物的最新研究进展及其应用，以及随后在外泌体应用中涉及的纳米颗粒，最后介绍了类器官培养在 CRC 中的应用。
