School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 600 Peter Morand Crescent, Ottawa, ON, K1G 5Z3, Canada.
Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
BMC Public Health. 2022 Aug 1;22(1):1458. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13823-4.
Food and beverage advertising has been identified as a powerful determinant of dietary intake and weight. Available evidence suggests that the preponderance of food and beverage advertising expenditures are devoted to the promotion of unhealthy products. The purpose of this study is to estimate food advertising expenditures in Canada in 2019 overall, by media and by food category, determine how much was spent on promoting healthier versus less healthy products and assess whether changes in these expenditures occurred between 2016 and 2019.
Estimates of net advertising expenditures for 57 selected food categories promoted on television, radio, out-of-home media, print media and popular websites, were licensed from Numerator. The nutrient content of promoted products or brands were collected, and related expenditures were then categorized as "healthy" or "unhealthy" according to a Nutrient Profile Model (NPM) proposed by Health Canada. Expenditures were described using frequencies and relative frequencies and percent changes in expenditures between 2016 and 2019 were computed.
An estimated $628.6 million was spent on examined food and beverage advertising in Canada in 2019, with television accounting for 67.7%, followed by digital media (11.8%). In 2019, most spending (55.7%) was devoted to restaurants, followed by dairy and alternatives (11%), and $492.9 million (87.2% of classified spending) was spent advertising products and brands classified as "unhealthy". Fruit and vegetables and water accounted for only 2.1 and 0.8% of expenditures, respectively, in 2019. In 2019 compared to 2016, advertising expenditures decreased by 14.1% across all media (excluding digital media), with the largest decreases noted for print media (- 63.0%) and television (- 14.6%). Overall, expenditures increased the most in relative terms for fruit and vegetables (+ 19.5%) and miscellaneous products (+ 5%), while decreasing the most for water (- 55.6%) and beverages (- 47.5%).
Despite a slight drop in national food and beverage advertising spending between 2016 and 2019, examined expenditures remain high, and most products or brands being advertised are unhealthy. Expenditures across all media should continue to be monitored to assess Canada's nutrition environment and track changes in food advertising over time.
食品和饮料广告已被确定为饮食摄入和体重的重要决定因素。现有证据表明，食品和饮料广告支出的大部分用于推广不健康的产品。本研究的目的是估算 2019 年加拿大的食品广告支出总额、按媒体和食品类别细分的广告支出、确定在更健康和不太健康的产品上的支出比例，并评估这些支出在 2016 年至 2019 年间是否发生变化。
从 Numerator 获得许可，估算了 57 种选定食品类别在电视、广播、户外媒体、平面媒体和热门网站上的净广告支出。收集推广产品或品牌的营养成分，并根据加拿大卫生部提出的营养概况模型（NPM）将相关支出归类为“健康”或“不健康”。使用频率和相对频率描述支出，并计算 2016 年至 2019 年支出的变化百分比。
2019 年，加拿大审查的食品和饮料广告支出估计为 6.286 亿美元，其中电视占 67.7%，其次是数字媒体（11.8%）。2019 年，最大的支出（55.7%）用于餐厅，其次是乳制品和替代品（11%），而 4.929 亿美元（分类支出的 87.2%）用于广告宣传“不健康”产品和品牌。2019 年，水果和蔬菜以及水分别仅占支出的 2.1%和 0.8%。与 2016 年相比，2019 年所有媒体（不包括数字媒体）的广告支出下降了 14.1%，其中平面媒体（-63.0%）和电视（-14.6%）的降幅最大。总体而言，水果和蔬菜（+19.5%）和杂项产品（+5%）的广告支出增长幅度最大，而水（-55.6%）和饮料（-47.5%）的广告支出降幅最大。
尽管 2016 年至 2019 年加拿大食品和饮料广告支出略有下降，但审查支出仍然很高，而且大部分推广的产品或品牌都是不健康的。应继续监测所有媒体的支出，以评估加拿大的营养环境，并跟踪随时间推移食品广告的变化。
