Department of Neurology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
J Parkinsons Dis. 2022;12(s1):S75-S81. doi: 10.3233/JPD-223418.
It is well known that B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies. B cells also perform a number of less well-known roles including antigen presentation, regulation of T cells and innate immune cells, cytokine production, and maintenance of subcapsular sinus macrophages. Given that there is clear evidence of inflammation in Parkinson's disease (PD) both in the central nervous system and in the periphery, it is almost certain that B lymphocytes are involved. This involvement is likely to be complicated given the variety of roles B cells play via a number of distinct subsets. They have received less attention to date than their counterparts, T cells, and monocytes. B lymphocytes are decreased in PD overall with some limited evidence that this may be driven by a decrease in regulatory subsets. There is also evidence that regulatory B cells are protective in PD. There is evidence for a role played by antibodies to alpha-synuclein in PD with a possible increase in early disease. There are many exciting potential future avenues for further exploration of the role of B lymphocytes including improving our understanding of the role of meningeal and calvarial (skull bone marrow) based B cells in health and disease, the use of larger, well phenotyped clinical cohorts to understand changes in peripheral and cerebrospinal fluid B cells over time and the potential application of B cell targeted therapies in PD.
众所周知，B 淋巴细胞分化为浆细胞，浆细胞产生抗体。B 细胞还具有许多不太为人所知的作用，包括抗原呈递、调节 T 细胞和先天免疫细胞、细胞因子产生以及维持被膜下窦巨噬细胞。鉴于帕金森病（PD）的中枢神经系统和外周都有明显的炎症证据，B 淋巴细胞几乎肯定参与其中。鉴于 B 细胞通过多种不同亚群发挥多种作用，这种参与可能很复杂。与 T 细胞和单核细胞相比，B 淋巴细胞受到的关注较少。PD 患者的 B 淋巴细胞总体减少，有一些有限的证据表明，这可能是由于调节性亚群减少所致。也有证据表明调节性 B 细胞在 PD 中具有保护作用。抗α-突触核蛋白抗体在 PD 中发挥作用的证据，可能在疾病早期增加。进一步探索 B 淋巴细胞作用的未来有许多令人兴奋的潜在途径，包括加深我们对脑膜和颅盖（颅骨骨髓）来源的 B 细胞在健康和疾病中的作用的理解，利用更大、表型更好的临床队列来了解外周和脑脊液 B 细胞随时间的变化，以及 B 细胞靶向治疗在 PD 中的潜在应用。
