Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
Department of Food Engineering and Technology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2024;64(3):654-669. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2107996. Epub 2022 Aug 11.
Hygiene programs which comprise the cleaning and sanitization steps are part of the Good Hygiene Practices (GHP) and are considered essential to ensure food safety and quality. Inadequate hygiene practices may contribute to the occurrence of foodborne diseases, development of microbial resistance to sanitizers, and economic losses. In general, the sanitizer resistance is classified as intrinsic or acquired. The former is an inherent characteristic, naturally present in some microorganisms, whereas the latter is linked to genetic modifications that can occur at random or after continuous exposure to a nonnormal condition. The resistance mechanisms can involve changes in membrane permeability or in the efflux pump, and enzymatic activity. The efflux pump mechanism is the most elucidated in relation to the resistance caused by the use of different types of sanitizers. In addition, microbial resistance to sanitizers can also be favored in the presence of biofilms due to the protection given by the glycocalyx matrix and genetic changes. Therefore, this review aimed to show the main microbial resistance mechanisms to sanitizers, including genetic modifications, biofilm formation, and permeability barrier.
卫生计划包括清洁和消毒步骤，是良好卫生规范（GHP）的一部分，被认为是确保食品安全和质量的重要组成部分。卫生操作不当可能导致食源性疾病的发生、微生物对消毒剂产生抗药性以及经济损失。一般来说，消毒剂抗性可分为固有或获得性。前者是某些微生物固有的特征，而后者与随机发生或在持续暴露于非正常条件下发生的遗传修饰有关。抗性机制可能涉及膜通透性或外排泵和酶活性的变化。与使用不同类型的消毒剂引起的抗性有关，外排泵机制得到了最充分的阐明。此外，由于糖萼基质和遗传变化提供的保护，消毒剂抗性也可能在生物膜存在的情况下有利于微生物。因此，本综述旨在展示微生物对消毒剂的主要抗性机制，包括遗传修饰、生物膜形成和通透性障碍。
