Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
Acta Biomater. 2022 Oct 1;151:106-117. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.08.015. Epub 2022 Aug 13.
Extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking biomaterials are considered effective tissue-engineered scaffolds for regenerative medicine because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioactivity. ECM-mimicking biomaterials preserve natural microstructures and matrix-related bioactive components and undergo continuous matrix remodeling upon transplantation. The interaction between host immune cells and transplanted ECM-mimicking biomaterials has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Transplantation of biomaterials may initiate injuries and early pro-inflammation reactions characterized by infiltration of neutrophils and M1 macrophages. Pro-inflammation reactions may lead to degradation of the transplanted biomaterial and drive the matrix into a fetal-like state. ECM degradation leads to the release of matrix-related bioactive components that act as signals for cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. In late stages, pro-inflammatory cells fade away, and anti-inflammatory cells emerge, which involves macrophage polarization to the M2 phenotype and leukocyte activation to T helper 2 (Th2) cells. These anti-inflammatory cells interact with each other to facilitate matrix deposition and tissue reconstruction. Deposited ECM molecules serve as vital components of the mature tissue and influence tissue homeostasis. However, dysregulation of matrix remodeling results in several pathological conditions, such as aggressive inflammation, difficult healing, and non-functional fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of inflammatory responses in matrix remodeling after transplantation of ECM-mimicking biomaterials. Additionally, we discuss the intrinsic linkages between matrix remodeling and tissue regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking biomaterials are effectively used as scaffolds in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, dysregulation of matrix remodeling can cause various pathological conditions. Here, the review describes the characteristics of inflammatory responses in matrix remodeling after transplantation of ECM-mimicking biomaterials. Additionally, we discuss the intrinsic linkages between matrix remodeling and tissue regeneration. We believe that understanding host immune responses to matrix remodeling of transplanted biomaterials is important for directing effective tissue regeneration of ECM-mimicking biomaterials. Considering the close relationship between immune response and matrix remodeling results, we highlight the need for studies of the effects of clinical characteristics on matrix remodeling of transplanted biomaterials.
细胞外基质 (ECM)-模拟生物材料因其生物相容性、生物降解性和生物活性而被认为是再生医学中有效的组织工程支架。ECM-模拟生物材料保留了天然的微观结构和基质相关的生物活性成分，并在移植后进行持续的基质重塑。近年来，宿主免疫细胞与移植的 ECM-模拟生物材料之间的相互作用引起了相当大的关注。生物材料的移植可能会引发损伤和早期的促炎反应，其特征是中性粒细胞和 M1 巨噬细胞的浸润。促炎反应可能导致移植生物材料的降解，并促使基质进入胎儿样状态。ECM 降解导致基质相关生物活性成分的释放，这些成分作为细胞迁移、增殖和分化的信号。在后期，促炎细胞消失，抗炎细胞出现，这涉及到巨噬细胞向 M2 表型的极化和白细胞向辅助性 T 细胞 2 (Th2) 细胞的激活。这些抗炎细胞相互作用，促进基质沉积和组织重建。沉积的 ECM 分子是成熟组织的重要组成部分，影响组织稳态。然而，基质重塑的失调会导致几种病理状况，如侵袭性炎症、愈合困难和非功能性纤维化。在这篇综述中，我们总结了移植 ECM-模拟生物材料后基质重塑中的炎症反应的特征。此外，我们讨论了基质重塑与组织再生之间的内在联系。
