Carbon-based photocatalysts for hydrogen production: A review.

Future energy crises and environmental deterioration may only be avoided by converting solar energy into sustainable, safe, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly technologies such as water splitting. Many researchers and governments throughout the globe have stressed the imperative need for affordable, environmental benign, resistive to corrosion, and earth-abundant nanostructured photocatalysts. This has led scientists to look for a green and cost-effective way to generate energy. As a result, the significance of photo catalyst engineering and reactor design difficulties connected to the performance of the photocatalytic reactions, as well as the examination and analysis of photocatalyst behaviors for adaptable and cost effective H2 production, is emphasized and summarized. The carbon-based materials have an appealing band structure, strong chemical stability, is plentiful on Earth, and is relatively easy to produce, making them suitable for hydrogen production. As example, graphene oxide (GO) with the oxygenated functional groups and graphene and its counterparts, including Graphene quantum dots (GQDs), GO, reduce graphene oxide (rGO), have been demonstrated to be ideal nanocomposite materials due to their superior properties and distribution in matrix and CNTs with excellent electronic transmission efficiency, low cost, stability, and environmental friendly are a great alternative of electron mediators for photocatalytic devices to boost light absorptivity for efficient hydrogen generation but some of them have limited photocatalytic activity due to their low sunlight usage efficiency, therefore the numerous methods, such as doping ions, constructing heterostructure, and functionalizing carbon-based materials, have recently been proven to promote the photocatalytic activity of them. The pore structure of carbon material functions as an acceptor of photogenerated electrons, improved the photocatalyst's specific surface area. Generally low-dimensional carbon materials demonstrated immense promise as highly efficient, low-cost, and environmentally friendly catalysts for hydrogen generation as an energy source. This article reviews the recent research progress on carbon-based materials for hydrogen evolution for the first time. It commences with a quick overview of the present state of affairs and fundamental concepts of hydrogen production in carbon-based nanomaterials for use in this field. We anticipate that this study will inspire readers to expand the use of carbon-based materials in H generation in a more environmentally friendly way.