Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, BOX 35, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden.
Bioengineering Program, Technological and Scientific Institute, Brazil University, 08230-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Unicamp - State University of Campinas, 13083-877, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
Mol Aspects Med. 2023 Jun;91:101108. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101108. Epub 2022 Aug 17.
The field of precision medicine allows for tailor-made treatments specific to a patient and thereby improve the efficiency and accuracy of disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment and at the same time would reduce the cost, redundant treatment, and side effects of current treatments. Here, the combination of organ-on-a-chip and bioprinting into engineering high-content in vitro tissue models is envisioned to address some precision medicine challenges. This strategy could be employed to tackle the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has made a significant impact and paradigm shift in our society. Nevertheless, despite that vaccines against COVID-19 have been successfully developed and vaccination programs are already being deployed worldwide, it will likely require some time before it is available to everyone. Furthermore, there are still some uncertainties and lack of a full understanding of the virus as demonstrated in the high number new mutations arising worldwide and reinfections of already vaccinated individuals. To this end, efficient diagnostic tools and treatments are still urgently needed. In this context, the convergence of bioprinting and organ-on-a-chip technologies, either used alone or in combination, could possibly function as a prominent tool in addressing the current pandemic. This could enable facile advances of important tools, diagnostics, and better physiologically representative in vitro models specific to individuals allowing for faster and more accurate screening of therapeutics evaluating their efficacy and toxicity. This review will cover such technological advances and highlight what is needed for the field to mature for tackling the various needs for current and future pandemics as well as their relevancy towards precision medicine.
精准医学领域允许针对患者进行定制化治疗，从而提高疾病预防、诊断和治疗的效率和准确性，同时降低当前治疗方法的成本、减少冗余治疗和副作用。在这里，将器官芯片和生物打印技术相结合，构建高内涵的体外组织模型，被认为是应对一些精准医学挑战的方法。这种策略可以用于应对当前的 2019 年冠状病毒病（COVID-19），它对我们的社会产生了重大影响和范式转变。然而，尽管已经成功开发出针对 COVID-19 的疫苗，并且全球范围内已经开始部署疫苗接种计划，但要普及到每个人还需要一些时间。此外，由于全球新出现的大量突变和已接种疫苗的个体再次感染的情况，仍然存在一些不确定性和对病毒的认识不足。为此，仍然迫切需要有效的诊断工具和治疗方法。在这种情况下，生物打印和器官芯片技术的融合，无论是单独使用还是联合使用，都可能成为应对当前大流行的重要工具。这将能够促进重要工具、诊断方法和更具生理代表性的个性化体外模型的发展，从而更快、更准确地筛选评估其疗效和毒性的治疗药物。本综述将涵盖这些技术进展，并强调该领域为应对当前和未来大流行的各种需求以及向精准医学的发展成熟所需要的条件。
