German Naval Medical Institute, Kiel, Germany.
Dept. of Sportsmedicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2022 Nov;122(11):2463-2473. doi: 10.1007/s00421-022-05009-y. Epub 2022 Aug 25.
Scuba diving is a complex condition including elevated ambient pressure, limited air supply, increased breathing work, and unfamiliar fin-swimming. Earlier approaches to assess diving specific data did not comprehensively address these aspects. We first present an underwater ergospirometry system and then test the hypothesis that both breathing characteristics and fin-swimming style affect the air consumption.
METHODS/PARTICIPANTS: A suspended-weights ergospirometry system was mounted inside a hyperbaric chamber. Ergo group: 25 divers (24.6 ± 4.1 years); three set-ups: dry normobaric cycling (75-225 W), dry cycling at 20 m simulated depth (75-225 W), fin-swimming at 20 m (5-8 kg suspended weights). Style group: 20 other divers (24.6 ± 4.1 years): fin-swimming at 20 m (5-8 kg) with regard to ventilation ([Formula: see text]E) and fin-swimming style.
Ergo group: linear heart rate and oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O) increases with both 50 W-bicycle steps and suspended-weights ergometry (r = 0.97). During hyperbaric conditions, [Formula: see text]E was less increased versus normobaric conditions. Style group: the more efficient hip/thigh-oriented style shifted towards the knee/calf-oriented style. [Formula: see text]E and [Formula: see text]O were higher in beginners (< 100 dives) versus advanced divers (≥ 100 dives). Significant differences on the 5 kg-step: [Formula: see text]E: 31.5 ± 7.1 l/min vs. 23.7 ± 5.9 l/min and [Formula: see text]O: 1.6 ± 0.3 l/min vs. 1.2 ± 0.3 l/min. A comparison is presented, in addition to illustrate the impact of differences in breathing characteristics and fin-swimming style.
Diving ergospirometry with suspended weights in a hyperbaric chamber allows for comprehensive studies. Little diving experience in terms of breathing characteristics and fin-swimming style significantly increases [Formula: see text]E thereby increasing the risk of running-out-of-air.
水肺潜水是一种复杂的情况，包括环境压力升高、空气供应有限、呼吸做功增加以及不熟悉的蛙泳踢腿。早期评估潜水特定数据的方法没有全面考虑到这些方面。我们首先介绍一种水下测功计系统，然后测试呼吸特征和蛙泳踢腿方式均会影响空气消耗这一假设。
方法/参与者：将悬挂重物测功计系统安装在高压舱内。运动组：25 名潜水员（24.6±4.1 岁）；三种设置：常压干式自行车运动（75-225W）、20 米模拟深度干式自行车运动（75-225W）、20 米蛙泳（5-8kg 悬挂重物）。风格组：另外 20 名潜水员（24.6±4.1 岁）：20 米蛙泳（5-8kg），涉及通气量（VE）和蛙泳踢腿方式。
运动组：心率和耗氧量（VO2）随 50W 自行车运动和悬挂重物测功计运动呈线性增加（r=0.97）。在高压条件下，VE 的增加低于常压条件。风格组：更高效的髋/大腿导向式踢腿方式逐渐转变为膝/小腿导向式踢腿方式。初学者（<100 潜次）的 VE 和 VO2 高于高级潜水员（≥100 潜次）。在 5kg 负重步骤中存在显著差异：VE：31.5±7.1l/min 比 23.7±5.9l/min，VO2：1.6±0.3l/min 比 1.2±0.3l/min。此外，还进行了比较，以说明呼吸特征和蛙泳踢腿方式差异的影响。
在高压舱中使用悬挂重物进行潜水测功计运动可以进行全面研究。呼吸特征和蛙泳踢腿方式方面的少量潜水经验会显著增加 VE，从而增加空气耗尽的风险。
