Pendergast D R, Tedesco M, Nawrocki D M, Fisher N M
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 14214, USA.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996 May;28(5):573-80. doi: 10.1097/00005768-199605000-00006.
Underwater swimming has unique features of breathing apparatus (SCUBA), thermal protective gear, and fins. The energy cost of underwater swimming is determined by the drag while swimming and the net mechanical efficiency. These are influenced by the cross-sectional area of the diver and gear and the frequency of the leg kick. The speeds that divers can achieve are relatively low, thus the VO(2) increases linearly with values of VO(2)d(-1) of 30-50 lkm(-1)for women and men, respectively. Diving experience had little effect on VO(2) for women; however, male divers with experience had lower VO(2) than beginners. The location and density of the gear can alter the diver's attitude in the water and increase the energy cost of swimming by 30 percent at slow speeds. The type of fin used has an effect on the depth and frequency of the kick, thus on drag and efficiency, with a range of VO(2) from 25 to 50 l*km(-1). A large flexible fin had the lowest energy cost and a large rigid fin the highest. Adding extra air tanks or a dry suit increased the cost of swimming by 25 percent. The energy cost of underwater swimming is influenced by gender, gear and its placement, fin type, and experience of the diver.
水下游泳具有独特的呼吸设备（水肺）、保暖装备和脚蹼。水下游泳的能量消耗由游泳时的阻力和净机械效率决定。这些受潜水员及装备的横截面积和踢腿频率影响。潜水员能达到的速度相对较低，因此女性和男性的耗氧量（VO₂）分别以30 - 50升·千米⁻¹ 的VO₂*d⁻¹值呈线性增加。潜水经验对女性的VO₂影响不大；然而，有经验的男性潜水员的VO₂比初学者低。装备的位置和密度会改变潜水员在水中的姿态，并在低速时使游泳的能量消耗增加30%。所使用的脚蹼类型会影响踢腿的深度和频率，进而影响阻力和效率，VO₂范围为25至50升·千米⁻¹。大的柔性脚蹼能量消耗最低，大的刚性脚蹼能量消耗最高。增加额外的空气罐或干式潜水服会使游泳成本增加25%。水下游泳的能量消耗受性别、装备及其放置、脚蹼类型和潜水员经验的影响。
