MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
Environ Pollut. 2022 Oct 15;311:120012. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120012. Epub 2022 Aug 23.
Legacy [e.g., brominated- (BFRs)] and alternative [e.g., organophosphate- (OPFRs) and nitrogenous- (NFRs)] flame retardants have a propensity to migrate out of consumer products, and thus are dispersed in indoor microenvironments. In this study, simultaneous presence of 11 BFRs, 18 OPFRs and 11 NFRs were measured in house dust collected from Tianjin, China. OPFRs were found at the highest concentrations, with a median value of 3200 ng/g, followed by NFRs (2600) and BFRs (1600). Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (median: 1800 ng/g), melamine (1100), and BDE-209 (870) were the top three most abundant chemicals in the respective groups. Location-specific patterns of flame retardant concentrations were found with 30%, 20% and 10% of samples were predominated by OPFRs, NFRs and BFRs, respectively, and the remaining samples contained by two or more of the chemical groups occurring concurrently. Network and cluster analysis results indicated the existence of multiple sources of flame retardants in the indoor microenvironment. Estimated human daily intakes via indoor dust ingestion were approximately several tens of ng/kg bw/day and were below their respective reference dose values. Our results indicate widespread occurrence of multiple flame retardant families in indoor dust and suggest need for continued monitoring and efforts to reduce exposures through dust ingestion.
遗留（例如溴化（BFRs））和替代（例如有机磷酸酯（OPFRs）和含氮（NFRs））阻燃剂有从消费品中迁移出来的倾向，因此分散在室内微环境中。在这项研究中，同时测量了来自中国天津的房屋灰尘中 11 种 BFRs、18 种 OPFRs 和 11 种 NFRs 的存在情况。OPFRs 的浓度最高，中位数为 3200ng/g，其次是 NFRs（2600）和 BFRs（1600）。磷酸三（2-丁氧基乙基）酯（中位数：1800ng/g）、三聚氰胺（1100）和 BDE-209（870）是各自组中含量最高的三种化学物质。发现阻燃剂浓度存在特定位置模式，30%、20%和 10%的样本分别以 OPFRs、NFRs 和 BFRs 为主，其余样本同时含有两种或两种以上化学物质组。网络和聚类分析结果表明，室内微环境中存在多种阻燃剂的多个来源。通过室内灰尘摄入估计的人类每日摄入量约为几十纳克/千克体重/天，低于各自的参考剂量值。我们的结果表明，室内灰尘中广泛存在多种阻燃剂家族，并表明需要继续监测并通过减少灰尘摄入来努力减少暴露。
