Sogard Abigail S, Mickleborough Timothy D
Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.
Front Neurosci. 2022 Aug 12;16:978336. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.978336. eCollection 2022.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by evident and persistent inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and social difficulties and is the most common childhood neuropsychiatric disorder, and which may persist into adulthood. Seventy to 80% of children and adults with ADHD are treated with stimulant medication, with positive response rates occurring for both populations. Medicated ADHD individuals generally show sustained and improved attention, inhibition control, cognitive flexibility, on-task behavior, and cognitive performance. The ethics of ADHD medication use in athletics has been a debated topic in sport performance for a long time. Stimulants are banned from competition in accordance with World Anti-Doping Association and National Collegiate Athletic Association regulations, due to their ability to not only enhance cognitive performance but also exercise performance. Limited research has been conducted looking at the differences in exercise performance variables in unmedicated ADHD verses medicated ADHD. Not all ADHD athletes choose stimulant medication in their treatment plan due to personal, financial, or other reasons. Non-stimulant treatment options include non-stimulant medication and behavioral therapy. However, the use of caffeinated compounds and exercise has both independently been shown to be effective in the management of ADHD symptoms in human studies and animal models. This mini review will discuss the effect of exercise and caffeine on neurobehavioral, cognitive, and neurophysiological factors, and exercise performance in ADHD athletes, and whether exercise and caffeine should be considered in the treatment plan for an individual with ADHD.
注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的特征是明显且持续的注意力不集中、多动、冲动以及社交困难，它是最常见的儿童神经精神疾病，且可能持续至成年期。70%至80%的ADHD儿童和成人使用兴奋剂药物进行治疗，这两类人群均有积极的反应率。使用药物治疗的ADHD患者通常表现出持续且改善的注意力、抑制控制、认知灵活性、任务执行行为以及认知表现。长期以来，ADHD药物在体育领域的使用伦理一直是运动表现方面备受争议的话题。根据世界反兴奋剂机构和美国大学体育协会的规定，兴奋剂被禁止用于比赛，因为它们不仅能提高认知表现，还能提升运动表现。针对未使用药物治疗的ADHD患者与使用药物治疗的ADHD患者在运动表现变量方面的差异，所开展的研究有限。并非所有患有ADHD的运动员都因个人、经济或其他原因在其治疗方案中选择兴奋剂药物。非兴奋剂治疗选项包括非兴奋剂药物和行为疗法。然而，在人体研究和动物模型中，已分别证明使用含咖啡因的化合物和运动对ADHD症状的管理有效。本综述将讨论运动和咖啡因对ADHD运动员的神经行为、认知和神经生理因素以及运动表现的影响，以及对于ADHD个体的治疗方案是否应考虑运动和咖啡因。
