Rooney James Pk, Rakete Stefan, Heier Margit, Linkohr Birgit, Schwettmann Lars, Peters Annette
Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Institute and Clinic for Occupational-, Social- and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.
Institute and Clinic for Occupational-, Social- and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.
Environ Res. 2022 Dec;215(Pt 1):114184. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114184. Epub 2022 Aug 27.
Lead exposure remains of continuing concern due to its known and suspected impacts on human health and has been designated as a priority substance for investigation in human biomonitoring studies by the EU. The aims of this study were to measure blood lead levels (BLL) in a population based cohort of middle-aged individuals without major current exposures to lead, and to compare these to historical blood lead levels obtained thirty years earlier.
The population-based KORA study from 1984 to 2001 included inhabitants of the Augsburg Region, Germany. During 2018 to 2019, a subsample of these participants (KORA-Fit) was invited for interview regarding demographic and lifestyle factors, physical examination and blood withdrawal. Blood samples were stored at -80C prior to measurement of BLL via graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS). Descriptive and multivariable analyses were performed.
BLLs were measured in 3033 eligible persons aged 54 to 73, establishing a geometric mean (GM) BLL of 24.8 μg/l in 2018/19. Of these, 555 (18%) had BLL above proposed 95th percentile reference values of the German Environment Agency. Only small differences were found in BLL stratified by sociodemographic categories, however regular smokers had higher GM BLL (26.1 μg/l) compared to never smokers (23.7 μg/l), and an increasing BLL with increased wine consumption was noted. For 556 individuals, BLLs (GM: 54.0 μg/l) reduced by 35% in men and 50% in women compared to levels in 1987/88 with only 1.4% of individuals having an unchanged or increased BLL.
KORA-Fit provided contemporary normative data for BLL in a Western European population without major current sources of lead exposure. Mean BLLs have fallen since the 1980s using historical BLL data which is likely linked to the ban of leaded gasoline. Nevertheless, BLLs in this population remain elevated at levels associated with morbidity and mortality.
由于铅对人类健康已知和疑似的影响，铅暴露仍然是持续关注的问题，并且已被欧盟指定为人类生物监测研究中优先调查的物质。本研究的目的是测量一组无当前主要铅暴露的中年人群的血铅水平（BLL），并将其与三十年前获得的历史血铅水平进行比较。
1984年至2001年基于人群的KORA研究纳入了德国奥格斯堡地区的居民。在2018年至2019年期间，邀请了这些参与者的一个子样本（KORA-Fit）进行关于人口统计学和生活方式因素、体格检查及采血的访谈。血样在通过石墨炉原子吸收光谱法（GF-AAS）测量BLL之前保存在-80°C。进行了描述性和多变量分析。
对3033名年龄在54至73岁的符合条件的人测量了BLL，在2018/19年确定几何平均（GM）BLL为24.8μg/l。其中，555人（18%）的BLL高于德国环境局提议的第95百分位数参考值。按社会人口学类别分层的BLL仅发现了微小差异，然而，经常吸烟者的GM BLL（26.1μg/l）高于从不吸烟者（23.7μg/l），并且注意到随着葡萄酒消费量增加BLL也增加。对于556名个体，与1987/88年的水平相比，男性的BLL（GM：54.0μg/l）下降了35%，女性下降了50%，只有1.4%的个体BLL未变或升高。
KORA-Fit为西欧无当前主要铅暴露源人群的BLL提供了当代规范数据。自20世纪80年代以来，使用历史BLL数据显示平均BLL有所下降，这可能与含铅汽油的禁令有关。然而，该人群的BLL仍处于与发病率和死亡率相关的升高水平。
