Monitoring extracellular ion and metabolite dynamics with recombinant nanobody-fused biosensors.

Ion and analyte changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) alter the metabolic activity of cancer cells, promote tumor cell growth, and impair anti-tumor immunity. Consequently, accurate determination and visualization of extracellular changes of analytes in real time is desired. In this study, we genetically combined FRET-based biosensors with nanobodies (Nbs) to specifically visualize and monitor extracellular changes in K, pH, and glucose on cell surfaces. We demonstrated that these Nb-fused biosensors quantitatively visualized K alterations on cancer and non-cancer cell lines and primary neurons. By implementing a HER2-specific Nb, we generated functional K and pH sensors, which specifically stained HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Based on the successful development of several Nb-fused biosensor combinations, we anticipate that this approach can be readily extended to other biosensors and will open new opportunities for the study of extracellular analytes in advanced experimental settings.