Core temperature responses to compensable versus uncompensable heat stress in young adults (PSU HEAT Project).

With global warming, much attention has been paid to the upper limits of human adaptability. However, the time to reach a generally accepted core temperature criterion (40.2°C) associated with heat-related illness above (uncompensable heat stress) and just below (compensable heat stress) the upper limits for heat balance remains unclear. Forty-eight (22 men/26 women; 23 ± 4 yr) subjects were exposed to progressive heat stress in an environmental chamber during minimal activity (MinAct, 159 ± 34 W) and light ambulation (LightAmb, 260 ± 55 W) in warm-humid (WH; ∼35°C, >60% RH) and hot-dry (HD; 43°C-48°C, <25% RH) environments until heat stress became uncompensable. For each condition, we compared heat storage () and the change in gastrointestinal temperature (Δ) over time during compensable and uncompensable heat stress. In addition, we examined whether individual characteristics or seasonality were associated with the rate of increase in . During compensable heat stress, was higher in HD than in WH environments ( < 0.05) resulting in a greater but more variable Δ ( ≥ 0.06) for both metabolic rates. There were no differences among conditions during uncompensable heat stress (all > 0.05). There was no influence of sex, aerobic fitness, or seasonality, but a larger body size was associated with a greater Δ during LightAmb in WH ( = 0.003). The slopes of the response during compensable (WH: MinAct, 0.06, LightAmb, 0.09; HD: MinAct, 0.12, LightAmb, 0.15°C/h) and uncompensable (WH: MinAct, 0.74, LightAmb, 0.87; HD: MinAct, 0.71, LightAmb, 0.93°C/h) heat stress can be used to estimate the time to reach a target core temperature from any given starting value. This study is the first to examine heat storage and the rate of change in core temperature above (uncompensable heat stress) and just below (compensable heat stress) critical environmental limits to human heat balance. Furthermore, we examine the influence of individual subject characteristics and seasonality on the change in core temperature in warm-humid versus hot-dry environments. We provide the rate of change in core temperature, enabling projections to be made to and from any hypothetical core temperature.