Department of Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
Department of Economics and School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
Public Health Rep. 2022 Nov-Dec;137(6):1217-1226. doi: 10.1177/00333549221120451. Epub 2022 Sep 8.
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to severe mental health repercussions. We examined rates of anxiety and depression in the United States during the pandemic by demographic characteristics, individual stressors, and COVID-19 infection rates and policy contexts.
We merged data from the April 2020-March 2021 US Household Pulse Survey with state-level data on COVID-19 rates and mitigation policies, including stay-at-home orders, face mask mandates, and restaurant closures. We estimated weighted logistic regression models to assess correlates of anxiety and depression.
Rates of anxiety and depression peaked in late 2020 at 39% and 32%, respectively. Food insecurity and disrupted medical care were associated with more than twice the odds of anxiety and depression (food insecurity: odds ratio [OR] = 2.58 for anxiety and 2.61 for depression; disrupted medical care: OR = 2.40 and 2.27). Being not employed (OR = 1.32 for anxiety and 1.45 for depression), uninsured (OR = 1.30 and 1.38), housing insecure (OR = 1.41 and 1.34), and experiencing disruptions in education (OR = 1.28 and 1.25) were linked to 25% to 45% increased odds of anxiety and depression. Increases in state COVID-19 infection rates were associated with significantly heightened odds of anxiety and depression (OR = 1.01 for anxiety and depression), but state mitigation policies were not.
Levels of anxiety and depression rose during the pandemic, particularly among economically vulnerable individuals and those experiencing economic and service disruptions. Future research should assess the effectiveness of policies targeting COVID-19 economic and service disruptions.
COVID-19 大流行导致了严重的心理健康影响。我们通过人口统计学特征、个体压力源以及 COVID-19 感染率和政策环境，研究了美国大流行期间的焦虑和抑郁发生率。
我们将 2020 年 4 月至 2021 年 3 月美国家庭脉搏调查的数据与州级 COVID-19 数据和缓解政策（包括居家令、口罩强制令和餐馆关闭）合并。我们使用加权逻辑回归模型来评估焦虑和抑郁的相关因素。
焦虑和抑郁的发生率在 2020 年末分别达到 39%和 32%的峰值。食物不安全和医疗服务中断与焦虑和抑郁的两倍以上几率相关（食物不安全：焦虑的比值比 [OR] = 2.58，抑郁的 OR = 2.61；医疗服务中断：OR = 2.40 和 2.27）。未就业（焦虑的 OR = 1.32，抑郁的 OR = 1.45）、无保险（OR = 1.30 和 1.38）、住房不安全（OR = 1.41 和 1.34）和教育中断（OR = 1.28 和 1.25）与焦虑和抑郁的几率增加 25%至 45%相关。州 COVID-19 感染率的增加与焦虑和抑郁的几率显著增加相关（焦虑的 OR = 1.01，抑郁的 OR = 1.01），但州缓解政策没有。
在大流行期间，焦虑和抑郁水平上升，尤其是在经济脆弱的个体和那些经历经济和服务中断的个体中。未来的研究应该评估针对 COVID-19 经济和服务中断的政策的有效性。
