Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Transl Psychiatry. 2022 Sep 8;12(1):372. doi: 10.1038/s41398-022-02138-y.
The disease burden and healthcare costs of psychiatric diseases along with the pursuit to understand their underlying biochemical mechanisms have led to psychiatric biomarker investigations. Current advances in evaluating candidate biomarkers for psychiatric diseases, such as major depressive disorder (MDD), focus on determining a specific biomarker signature or profile. The origins of candidate biomarkers are heterogenous, ranging from genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, while incorporating associations with clinical characterization. Prior to clinical use, candidate biomarkers must be validated by large multi-site clinical studies, which can be used to determine the ideal MDD biomarker signature. Therefore, identifying valid biomarkers has been challenging, suggesting the need for alternative approaches. Following validation studies, new technology must be employed to transition from biomarker discovery to diagnostic biomolecular profiling. Current technologies used in discovery and validation, such as mass spectroscopy, are currently limited to clinical research due to the cost or complexity of equipment, sample preparation, or measurement analysis. Thus, other technologies such as electrochemical detection must be considered for point-of-care (POC) testing with the needed characteristics for physicians' offices. This review evaluates the advantages of using electrochemical sensing as a primary diagnostic platform due to its rapidity, accuracy, low cost, biomolecular detection diversity, multiplexed capacity, and instrument flexibility. We evaluate the capabilities of electrochemical methods in evaluating current candidate MDD biomarkers, individually and through multiplexed sensing, for promising applications in detecting MDD biosignatures in the POC setting.
精神疾病的疾病负担和医疗保健成本，以及对其潜在生化机制的理解，促使人们开展精神疾病生物标志物研究。目前，评估精神疾病（如重度抑郁症）候选生物标志物的进展集中在确定特定的生物标志物特征或谱上。候选生物标志物的来源多种多样，包括基因组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学，同时结合与临床特征的关联。在临床应用之前，候选生物标志物必须通过大型多地点临床研究进行验证，该研究可用于确定理想的 MDD 生物标志物特征。因此，确定有效的生物标志物具有挑战性，这表明需要替代方法。在验证研究之后，必须采用新技术将生物标志物的发现过渡到诊断生物分子分析。目前，在发现和验证中使用的技术，如质谱，由于设备、样品制备或测量分析的成本或复杂性，目前仅限于临床研究。因此，必须考虑其他技术，如电化学检测，以满足医生办公室的即时检测（POC）测试的需要特性。本综述评估了电化学传感作为主要诊断平台的优势，因为它具有快速、准确、低成本、生物分子检测多样性、多路复用能力和仪器灵活性。我们评估了电化学方法在评估当前候选 MDD 生物标志物方面的能力，包括单独评估和通过多路复用传感，以在 POC 环境中检测 MDD 生物标志物方面具有应用前景。
