Department of Global Development and Entrepreneurship, Graduate School of Global Development and Entrepreneurship, Handong Global University, Pohang 37554, Korea.
Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Sep 5;19(17):11134. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191711134.
Although an enormous amount of aid has been invested in water and sanitation, few studies have analyzed the criteria used by the international community to select recipient countries and allocate official development assistance (ODA). We examined whether ODA has been allocated in proportion to water and sanitation needs and whether this has improved over the past 18 years. For water, 141 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and least-developed countries (LDCs) were selected, whereas 104 LMICs and LDCs were chosen for sanitation due to a lack of data. For aid disbursement, we used ODA data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Developments (OECD) Creditor Reporting System (CRS) from 2002 to 2019. OECD CRS data on water and sanitation are available from 2002 onward. For water and sanitation coverage, we collected data from the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program from 2002 to 2019. We examined annual ODA trends and performed linear regression analysis adjusted for GNI per capita using log-transformed dependent variables. Neither total ODA nor ODA per capita was found to be associated with countries' needs for water and sanitation. For instance, no significant association was detected between at least basic water and sanitation coverage and total ODA per capita in 2019 (log coefficient: 0.002, = 0.52). The global community needs to determine the reasons for and means of addressing this discrepancy.
尽管在水和环境卫生方面投入了大量援助，但很少有研究分析国际社会选择受援国和分配官方发展援助（ODA）所依据的标准。我们研究了 ODA 是否按照水和环境卫生需求的比例进行分配，以及在过去 18 年中是否有所改善。在水方面，选择了 141 个低收入和中等收入国家（LMICs）和最不发达国家（LDCs）；而由于缺乏数据，选择了 104 个 LMICs 和 LDCs 用于环境卫生。对于援助支出，我们使用了经济合作与发展组织（OECD）债权国报告系统（CRS）的 2002 年至 2019 年 ODA 数据。OECD CRS 有关水和环境卫生的数据可追溯至 2002 年。对于水和环境卫生覆盖情况，我们从 2002 年至 2019 年收集了世界卫生组织/联合国儿童基金会联合监测计划的数据。我们研究了年度 ODA 趋势，并使用对数转换后的因变量进行了人均国民总收入调整的线性回归分析。无论是总 ODA 还是人均 ODA，都与各国对水和环境卫生的需求无关。例如，在 2019 年，至少基本的水和环境卫生覆盖率与人均 ODA 之间没有显著关联（对数系数：0.002，p=0.52）。全球社会需要确定解决这一差距的原因和方法。
