Wijerathna-Yapa Akila, Ramtekey Vinita, Ranawaka Buddhini, Basnet Bhoja Raj
ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
Plants (Basel). 2022 Aug 31;11(17):2273. doi: 10.3390/plants11172273.
Sources of new genetic variability have been limited to existing germplasm in the past. Wheat has been studied extensively for various agronomic traits located throughout the genome. The large size of the chromosomes and the ability of its polyploid genome to tolerate the addition or loss of chromosomes facilitated rapid progress in the early study of wheat genetics using cytogenetic techniques. At the same time, its large genome size has limited the progress in genetic characterization studies focused on diploid species, with a small genome and genetic engineering procedures already developed. Today, the genetic transformation and gene editing procedures offer attractive alternatives to conventional techniques for breeding wheat because they allow one or more of the genes to be introduced or altered into an elite cultivar without affecting its genetic background. Recently, significant advances have been made in regenerating various plant tissues, providing the essential basis for regenerating transgenic plants. In addition, -mediated, biolistic, and particle bombardment (iPB) gene delivery procedures have been developed for wheat transformation and advanced transgenic wheat development. As a result, several useful genes are now available that have been transferred or would be helpful to be transferred to wheat in addition to the current traditional effort to improve trait values, such as resistance to abiotic and biotic factors, grain quality, and plant architecture. Furthermore, the genome editing method will significantly contribute to the social implementation of genome-edited crops to innovate the breeding pipeline and leverage unique climate adaptations.
过去，新的遗传变异来源仅限于现有的种质资源。人们已经对小麦遍布整个基因组的各种农艺性状进行了广泛研究。小麦染色体体积大，其多倍体基因组能够耐受染色体的添加或缺失，这使得利用细胞遗传学技术在小麦遗传学早期研究中取得了快速进展。与此同时，其庞大的基因组规模限制了针对基因组较小且已开发出基因工程程序的二倍体物种的遗传特征研究进展。如今，遗传转化和基因编辑程序为小麦育种的传统技术提供了有吸引力的替代方案，因为它们能够在不影响优良品种遗传背景的情况下，将一个或多个基因导入或改变到该品种中。最近，在各种植物组织再生方面取得了重大进展，为转基因植物再生提供了必要基础。此外，已经开发出了用于小麦转化和先进转基因小麦培育的农杆菌介导、生物弹道和离子束介导粒子轰击（iPB）基因递送程序。因此，除了目前为提高性状值（如对非生物和生物因子的抗性、籽粒品质和植株形态）所做的传统努力外，现在有几个有用的基因已经被转移或有助于转移到小麦中。此外，基因组编辑方法将极大地推动基因组编辑作物的社会应用，以创新育种流程并利用独特的气候适应性。
