Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Semin Cancer Biol. 2022 Nov;86(Pt 2):101-116. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.08.007. Epub 2022 Sep 6.
Brain cancer is an aggressive type of cancer with poor prognosis. While the immune system protects against cancer in the early stages, the tumor exploits the healing arm of inflammatory reactions to accelerate its growth and spread. Various immune cells penetrate the developing tumor region, establishing a pro-inflammatory tumor milieu. Additionally, tumor cells may release chemokines and cytokines to attract immune cells and promote cancer growth. Inflammation and its associated mechanisms in the progression of cancer have been extensively studied in the majority of solid tumors, especially brain tumors. However, treatment of the malignant brain cancer is hindered by several obstacles, such as the blood-brain barrier, transportation inside the brain interstitium, inflammatory mediators that promote tumor growth and invasiveness, complications in administering therapies to tumor cells specifically, the highly invasive nature of gliomas, and the resistance to drugs. To resolve these obstacles, nanomedicine could be a potential strategy that has facilitated advancements in diagnosing and treating brain cancer. Due to the numerous benefits provided by their small size and other features, nanoparticles have been a prominent focus of research in the drug-delivery field. The purpose of this article is to discuss the role of inflammatory mediators and signaling pathways in brain cancer as well as the recent advances in understanding the nano-carrier approaches for enhancing drug delivery to the brain in the treatment of brain cancer.
脑癌是一种侵袭性强、预后差的癌症。在免疫系统早期抵抗癌症的同时，肿瘤利用炎症反应的愈合作用加速其生长和扩散。各种免疫细胞渗透到发育中的肿瘤区域，形成促炎的肿瘤微环境。此外，肿瘤细胞可能会释放趋化因子和细胞因子，吸引免疫细胞并促进癌症生长。在大多数实体瘤，尤其是脑肿瘤中，炎症及其相关机制在癌症的进展中已经得到了广泛的研究。然而，恶性脑癌的治疗受到多种障碍的阻碍，如血脑屏障、脑间质内的运输、促进肿瘤生长和侵袭性的炎症介质、专门向肿瘤细胞给药的并发症、神经胶质瘤的高度侵袭性以及对药物的耐药性。为了解决这些障碍，纳米医学可能是一种有前途的策略，它促进了脑癌的诊断和治疗的进展。由于其小尺寸和其他特性提供了许多好处，纳米颗粒一直是药物输送领域研究的重点。本文旨在讨论炎症介质和信号通路在脑癌中的作用，以及近年来在理解纳米载体方法以增强药物向脑内输送以治疗脑癌方面的进展。
